Table 4.
Levela of total aflatoxins contamination in dried foods marketed in Burundi and Eastern DRC
| Category | Burundi | Eastern DRC | Overall | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <4 μg/kg | 4–10 μg/kg | >10 μg/kg | <4 μg/kg | 4–10 μg/kg | >10 μg/kg | <4 μg/kg | 4–10 μg/kg | >10 μg/kg | |
| Cassava | |||||||||
| Dried root | 7 (87.5)b | 1 (12.5) | 0 | – | – | – | 7 (87.5) | 1 (12.5) | 0 |
| Flour | 9 (90) | 1 (10) | 0 | 16 (88.9) | 2 (11.1) | 0 | 25 (89.3) | 3 (10.7) | 0 |
| Ubuswage c | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 0 | – | – | – | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | 0 |
| Bakery products (bread, cookies) | – | – | – | 3 (100) | 0 | 0 | 3 (100) | 0 | 0 |
| Maize | |||||||||
| Grain | 4 (40) | 4 (40) | 2 (20) | 7 (77.8) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | 11 (57.9) | 5 (26.3) | 3 (15.8) |
| Flour | 3 (30) | 2 (20) | 5 (50) | 2 (22.2) | 3 (33.3) | 4 (44.5) | 5 (26.3) | 5 (26.3) | 9 (47.4) |
| Sorghum | |||||||||
| Grain | 0 | 9 (75) | 3 (25) | 4 (36.4) | 7 (63.6) | 0 | 4 (17.4) | 16 (69.6) | 3 (13) |
| Flour | 0 | 5 (100) | 0 | 2 (25.0) | 6 (75.0) | 0 | 2 (15.4) | 11 (84.6) | 0 |
| Germé d | 0 | 3 (100) | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | 3 (100) | 0 |
| Beans | |||||||||
| Grain | 14 (66.7) | 7 (33.3) | 0 | 8 (80) | 2 (20) | 0 | 22 (71) | 9 (29) | 0 |
| Soybean | |||||||||
| Grain | 7 (87.5) | 1 (12.5) | 0 | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 0 | 9 (81.8) | 2 (18.2) | 0 |
| Flour | 1 (20) | 3 (60) | 1 (20) | 2 (50) | 2 (50) | 0 | 3 (33.3) | 5 (55.6) | 1 (11.1) |
| Groundnut | |||||||||
| Dried | 1 (14.3) | 5 (71.4) | 1 (14.3) | 7 (77.8) | 2 (22.2) | 0 | 8 (50.0) | 7 (43.8) | 1 (6.2) |
| Roasted | 0 | 3 (30) | 7 (70) | 7 (63.6) | 4 (36.4) | 0 | 7 (33.3) | 7 (33.3) | 7 (33.3) |
| Flour | 0 | 0 | 10 (100) | 0 | 0 | 2 (100) | 0 | 0 | 12 (100) |
| Total | 47 (38.8) | 45 (37.2) | 29 (24.0) | 60 (61.9) | 30 (30.9) | 7 (7.2) | 107 (49.1) | 75 (34.4) | 36 (16.5) |
a
The EU permissible level and the WHO advisory level for total AFs are 4 and 10 μg/kg, respectively, for foods intended for direct human consumption.
b
The first integer is the number, and the integer in parenthesis is the percent of samples containing a specified level of aflatoxins.
c
Ubuswage is the traditional cassava product in Central African region.
d
Germe is the germinated sorghum for beer processing.