Table 1:
Published HBM and BE values (μg/L) with estimated single analyte and mixture estimates using desirability functions (DF: based on B = 100 bootstrap samples for single chemicals and B= 1000 for the mixture analyses) for reduced birth weight (N = 1323) and language delay (N = 840). The p-values are associated with the test for significance of the final DF or MDF (i.e., the bootstrap average) in generalized linear models (GLM). The interval given in the single analyte analyses is the 5th and 95th percentiles from the bootstrap distribution of the δm values. Generally, the more desirable the concentration/mixture the higher the birth weight (positive regression coefficient) and a decrease in the risk of language delay (negative regression coefficient).
| (μg/L) | Observed Concentration Statistics | Published HBMa or BEb values | Analysis of birth weight | Analysis of language delay | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Analyte | Median | 95th | Max | δm estimates and 90% CI from single chemical analyses | p value for single analyte DF in GLMs | δm estimates in Mixture analysis (p = 0.001) | δm estimates and 90% CI from single chemical analyses | p value for single analyte DF in GLMs | δm estimates in mixture analysis (p = 0.008) | |
| MEP (urinary) | 62 | 527 | 4419 | 18,000b | 241 (89, 421) | 0.818 | 247 (57, 954) | 211 (45, 1399) | 0.522 | 124 (10, 1010) |
| MBP (urinary) | 71 | 232 | 2720 | 200/2,700b | 161 (48, 980) | 0.639 | 177 (74, 379) | 150 (69, 542) | 0.175e | 169 (25, 825) |
| MBzP (urinary) | 17 | 101 | 3545 | 3,800b | 45 (10, 204) | 0.336 | 30 (7, 131) | 57 (22, 339) | 0.139e | 26 (1, 212) |
| DEHPc (urinary) | 37 | 150 | 2166 | 300a | 130 (33, 546) | 0.581 | 147 (58, 373) | 143 (100, 244) | 0.221 | 186 (77, 1312) |
| DINP (urinary) | 24 | 207 | 4872 | 1500b | 163 (97, 844) | 0.065e | 158 (27, 498) | 218 (68, 1693) | 0.140e | 130 (25, 2067) |
| BPA (urinary) | 1.5 | 6.4 | 111 | 200a/2,000b | 5.4 (2, 35) | 0.514e | 4.9 (2. 12) | 3.0 (1.3, 5.5) | 0.577e | 3.1 (0.2, 28) |
| Triclosan (urinary) | 0.8 | 325 | 3357 | 3,000a/6,400b | 13 (0.1, 50) | 0.819 | 15 (0.4, 190) | 29 (4, 1361) | 0.512 | 33 (2, 1084) |
| PFOA (plasma) | 1.6 | 4.0 | 21 | 2a | 2.3 (1.5, 3.7) | < 0.001 | 1.9 (1.3, 6.2) | 4.5 (2.8, 14) | 0.370 | 4.1 (2.2, 6.9) |
| PFOS (plasma) | 5.3 | 12 | 32 | 5a | 8.6 (4.8, 14.9) | 0.037 | 8.7 (4.5, 17.3) | 18 (9, 39) | 0.296e | 13 (8, 22) |
| PCBsd (serum) | 0.25 | 0.57 | 1.27 | 1.75a | 0.54 (0.37, 1.1) | 0.022 | 0.56 (0.46, 0.83) | 0.74 (0.34, 1.6) | 0.564e | 0.65 (0.4, 1.3) |
| DDT + DD (serum) | 0.18 | 0.70 | 19.9 | 38.7f | 0.40 (0.30, 0.60) | 0.002 | 0.64 (0.47, 1.1) | 0.83 (0.35, 3.2) | 0.061e | 0.83 (0.4, 2.7) |
German HBM Commission (Commission, 2014).
Aylward et al., 2013, EHP.
Sum of DEHP metabolites: 5 oxo- and 5 OH-MEHP in urine.
Sum of PCB138, PCB153, PCB180 in serum; the published HBM is listed as 3.5μg/L for twice the value of the sum.
p values associated with negative β1 coefficients; otherwise, the β1 coefficient is positive.
BE for DDT +DDE is 5 μg/g serum lipid. Adjusting to μg/L using average total lipid in pregnant women from NHANES (2005–06; 773 mg lipid/dL serum) =(5) (773)/100 = 38.65 μg/L.