Appendix Table A1.
First-Stage OLS Regression Results for Instrumentation
| Exogeous predictors; measured at first offer | Neighborhood Characteristics Measured at Time of Onsetˆ | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual Characteristics | Social Vulnerability | Occupational Prestige | Latino Residents (%) | Foreign-Born (%) | Violent Crime Rate | Property Crime Rate | ||||||
| Latina female | 13.7 | (8.46) | −1.34* | (0.64) | 19.1*** | (3.86) | 6.19** | (2.13) | 0.79 | (0.97) | 16.4** | (5.74) |
| Latino male | 16.5* | (7.65) | −1.63* | (0.66) | 20.8*** | (3.66) | 5.22* | (2.02) | 0.64 | (0.85) | 11.9* | (5.28) |
| African American female | 4.62 | (6.13) | −0.54 | (0.53) | 1.96 | (3.23) | 1.65 | (1.85) | 1.42 | (0.95) | 12.3 | (6.69) |
| Child was firstborn | 11.9* | (5.04) | −0.31 | (0.36) | −1.19 | (2.08) | −1.95 | (1.25) | 1.82** | (0.66) | 10.9** | (3.54) |
| Household Characteristics | ||||||||||||
| # siblings | −0.084 | (2.77) | −0.051 | (0.19) | −0.75 | (1.19) | −0.53 | (0.73) | 0.010 | (0.33) | 0.77 | (2.11) |
| PC immigrant | 13.1 | (9.37) | −0.28 | (0.49) | 4.87 | (3.18) | 1.36 | (1.73) | 0.76 | (0.90) | 6.65 | (6.43) |
| PC abuses substances | 13.4 | (7.00) | 0.14 | (0.60) | 3.14 | (3.55) | 3.31 | (2.23) | −0.60 | (0.97) | 4.19 | (5.90) |
| PC disabled | 1.56 | (12.2) | 0.19 | (0.84) | −9.82 | (4.99) | −4.46 | (2.37) | 2.52 | (1.53) | 15.3 | (8.29) |
| PC HS diploma or higher | −9.14 | (5.88) | −0.54 | (0.46) | 3.00 | (2.77) | 0.83 | (1.69) | −0.77 | (0.74) | −10.1* | (4.51) |
| PC married or partnered | 3.52 | (5.68) | −0.65 | (0.41) | −0.68 | (2.70) | −1.61 | (1.56) | 0.26 | (0.72) | −1.95 | (4.07) |
| Household income (ln) | 0.053 | (0.68) | 0.032 | (0.048) | 0.049 | (0.30) | 0.072 | (0.17) | 0.035 | (0.085) | −0.038 | (0.58) |
| Household stressors score | 0.24* | (0.12) | −0.012 | (0.010) | 0.090 | (0.11) | 0.0030 | (0.039) | 0.038* | (0.019) | 0.16 | (0.088) |
| # moves since birth | 0.046 | (0.18) | 0.013 | (0.024) | −0.19 | (0.16) | −0.18 | (0.11) | 0.067 | (0.045) | 0.42** | (0.14) |
| Time of DHA First Offer | ||||||||||||
| offer1988 | −1.13 | (12.6) | −1.26 | (1.00) | 1.63 | (5.76) | 2.18 | (3.24) | −1.31 | (1.51) | −2.66 | (8.33) |
| offer1989 | 19.8 | (13.1) | −2.28* | (0.91) | 7.63 | (5.94) | 2.24 | (2.93) | 4.17* | (1.95) | 19.0* | (8.86) |
| offer1990 | 3.62 | (10.1) | −0.89 | (0.85) | 5.00 | (5.33) | 4.98 | (2.96) | −0.97 | (1.60) | 0.47 | (7.62) |
| offer1991 | −11.1 | (16.3) | −0.54 | (0.98) | −3.47 | (6.35) | 1.23 | (4.01) | −1.44 | (1.80) | 12.0 | (19.9) |
| offer1992 | −5.63 | (14.1) | −1.06 | (0.97) | 2.84 | (5.92) | −1.13 | (3.01) | −0.96 | (1.52) | 2.96 | (10.7) |
| offer1993 | −12.2 | (16.8) | 1.19 | (2.26) | −0.43 | (16.6) | 1.22 | (7.68) | −1.53 | (3.94) | 12.1 | (11.0) |
| offer1994 | −6.17 | (14.7) | −0.18 | (1.24) | −2.55 | (6.26) | 1.55 | (3.61) | −0.54 | (1.66) | 0.63 | (8.06) |
| offer1995 | −2.97 | (15.3) | −0.38 | (1.20) | 3.02 | (6.22) | 1.88 | (3.82) | −0.90 | (2.02) | 1.50 | (7.87) |
| offer1996 | 7.18 | (14.2) | −1.39 | (1.17) | 7.65 | (6.28) | 5.21 | (4.14) | −1.14 | (1.90) | −7.15 | (7.85) |
| offer1997 | 18.7 | (11.5) | −2.75** | (0.88) | 12.3* | (5.38) | 3.38 | (3.13) | −0.57 | (1.42) | 6.74 | (8.61) |
| offer1998 | −2.33 | (15.1) | −1.07 | (0.97) | 11.6 | (7.15) | 5.91 | (3.91) | −0.77 | (1.64) | 5.08 | (9.28) |
| offer1999 | −8.63 | (14.4) | −0.22 | (1.07) | −2.15 | (8.74) | 0.82 | (4.82) | −3.16* | (1.51) | −13.7 | (9.80) |
| offer2000 | −15.7 | (13.0) | −1.30 | (0.98) | 6.25 | (6.59) | 3.12 | (4.05) | −2.88 | (1.57) | −17.3 | (9.39) |
| offer2001–03 | −11.5 | (14.3) | −1.75 | (1.28) | 15.2 | (9.02) | 7.48 | (4.50) | 0.094 | (1.96) | −7.81 | (12.9) |
| Neighborhood Characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Social Vulnerability | 0.43*** | (0.10) | 0.00049 | (0.0061) | 0.048 | (0.045) | 0.020 | (0.027) | 0.020 | (0.013) | 0.026 | (0.060) |
| Occupational Prestige | 0.91 | (1.31) | 0.38*** | (0.098) | 0.47 | (0.60) | −0.41 | (0.36) | 0.15 | (0.15) | 0.44 | (0.77) |
| Latino Residents (%) | −0.34 | (0.22) | 0.0043 | (0.020) | 0.38** | (0.12) | −0.11 | (0.064) | −0.0060 | (0.027) | −0.38** | (0.13) |
| Foreign-Born Residents (%) | 1.27* | (0.56) | −0.075 | (0.045) | 0.50 | (0.28) | 0.77*** | (0.16) | 0.10 | (0.074) | 1.02* | (0.43) |
| Violent Crime Rate | 0.14 | (0.35) | −0.032 | (0.028) | 0.43* | (0.18) | 0.15 | (0.11) | 0.20*** | (0.058) | −0.24 | (0.28) |
| Property Crime Rate | 0.025 | (0.12) | 0.00030 | (0.0074) | −0.044 | (0.046) | −0.0038 | (0.026) | 0.0013 | (0.014) | 0.32*** | (0.069) |
| Constant | −15.1 | (57.4) | 27.2*** | (4.44) | −17.1 | (28.0) | 24.3 | (16.3) | −7.36 | (6.84) | −24.8 | (34.4) |
| Observationsˆ | 393 | 393 | 393 | 393 | 348 | 348 | ||||||
| R-squared | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.37 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.27 | ||||||
| p < F stat | 1.7e-13 | 7.8e-11 | 1.2e-23 | 2.0e-11 | 1.1e-18 | 1.7e-11 | ||||||
ˆ
Using HS drop-out outcome;
*
p <0.05;
**
p <0.01;
***
p <0.001; robust std. errors adjusted for clustering in households shown in parentheses