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. 2018 Nov 28;13(11):e0206874. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206874

Table 2. Mixed model ANOVAs to test the difference between the two groups (intervention and control) and difference within each group (pre and post) on outcome measures of cognitive function.

Variable Pre-intervention Post-intervention
Intervention (n = 25) Control (n = 25) Intervention (n = 25) Control (n = 25)
Perceived cognitive functioning
CFQ
32.48 (7.05) 39.20 (10.12) 32.68 (8.36) 45.44 (17.35) Test of Time x Group Interaction
F = 3.90
p = 0.05
ƞp2 = 0.075
Test of Main Effects
Between-participant effects Within-participant effects
(Group) (Time)
Sustained attention
Errors of omission 7.60 (4.53) 8.96 (4.43) 6.56 (3.35) 9.08 (4.41) F = 3.18 F = 0.88
p = 0.81 p = 0.35
ƞp2 = 0.062 ƞp2 = 0.018
Correct 396.95 (55.25) 378.62 (89.99) 407.59 (35.02) 386.22 (97.92) F = 1.01 F = 1.57
p = 0.31 p = 0.21
ƞp2 = 0.021 ƞp2 = 0.032
Incorrect 364.65 (54.21) 352.32 (83.83) 357.69 (80.38) 353.47 (68.22) F = 0.21 F = 0.08
p = 0.64 p = 0.76
ƞp2 = 0.004 ƞp2 = 0.002
Executive Function
Stroop Interference 145.87 (203.85) 219.18 (190.20) 118.93 (125.98) 177.08 (172.71) F = 2.17 F = 2.78
p = 0.15 p = 0.10
ƞp2 = 0.042 ƞp2 = 0.055
Memory
Digit forwards 7.32 (1.37) 6.68 (0.85) 7.84 (1.21) 6.81 (1.09) F = 8.27 F = 4.58
p<0.001** p = 0.03*
ƞp2 = 0.147 ƞp2 = 0.087
Digit backwards 5.56 (1.32) 5.13 (1.54) 5.21 (1.71) 4.88 (1.45) F = 1.03 F = 1.91
p = 0.84 p = 0.173
ƞp2 = 0.022 ƞp2 = 0.040
Visual Spatial Skills
Block Design 36.58 (10.77) 35.52 (18.75) 34.83 (12.38) 36.26 (8.67) F = 0.00 F = 0.76
p = 0.95 p = 0.78
ƞp2<0.01 ƞp2 = 0.002

M, Mean, SD, standard deviation

*p<0.05

**p<0.01.

a. Welch’s F (assumption of homogeneity of variance violated).