Table 2. Mixed model ANOVAs to test the difference between the two groups (intervention and control) and difference within each group (pre and post) on outcome measures of cognitive function.
Variable | Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | ||||
Intervention (n = 25) | Control (n = 25) | Intervention (n = 25) | Control (n = 25) | |||
Perceived cognitive functioning CFQ |
32.48 (7.05) | 39.20 (10.12) | 32.68 (8.36) | 45.44 (17.35) | Test of Time x Group Interaction | |
F = 3.90 | ||||||
p = 0.05 | ||||||
ƞp2 = 0.075 | ||||||
Test of Main Effects | ||||||
Between-participant effects | Within-participant effects | |||||
(Group) | (Time) | |||||
Sustained attention | ||||||
Errors of omission | 7.60 (4.53) | 8.96 (4.43) | 6.56 (3.35) | 9.08 (4.41) | F = 3.18 | F = 0.88 |
p = 0.81 | p = 0.35 | |||||
ƞp2 = 0.062 | ƞp2 = 0.018 | |||||
Correct | 396.95 (55.25) | 378.62 (89.99) | 407.59 (35.02) | 386.22 (97.92) | F = 1.01 | F = 1.57 |
p = 0.31 | p = 0.21 | |||||
ƞp2 = 0.021 | ƞp2 = 0.032 | |||||
Incorrect | 364.65 (54.21) | 352.32 (83.83) | 357.69 (80.38) | 353.47 (68.22) | F = 0.21 | F = 0.08 |
p = 0.64 | p = 0.76 | |||||
ƞp2 = 0.004 | ƞp2 = 0.002 | |||||
Executive Function | ||||||
Stroop Interference | 145.87 (203.85) | 219.18 (190.20) | 118.93 (125.98) | 177.08 (172.71) | F = 2.17 | F = 2.78 |
p = 0.15 | p = 0.10 | |||||
ƞp2 = 0.042 | ƞp2 = 0.055 | |||||
Memory | ||||||
Digit forwards | 7.32 (1.37) | 6.68 (0.85) | 7.84 (1.21) | 6.81 (1.09) | F = 8.27 | F = 4.58 |
p<0.001** | p = 0.03* | |||||
ƞp2 = 0.147 | ƞp2 = 0.087 | |||||
Digit backwards | 5.56 (1.32) | 5.13 (1.54) | 5.21 (1.71) | 4.88 (1.45) | F = 1.03 | F = 1.91 |
p = 0.84 | p = 0.173 | |||||
ƞp2 = 0.022 | ƞp2 = 0.040 | |||||
Visual Spatial Skills | ||||||
Block Design | 36.58 (10.77) | 35.52 (18.75) | 34.83 (12.38) | 36.26 (8.67) | F = 0.00 | F = 0.76 |
p = 0.95 | p = 0.78 | |||||
ƞp2<0.01 | ƞp2 = 0.002 |
M, Mean, SD, standard deviation
*p<0.05
**p<0.01.
a. Welch’s F (assumption of homogeneity of variance violated).