Table 1.

Descriptive statistics of the independent variables at the baseline in Chinese grandparents: CHARLS -2011.

	Grandfathers		Grandmothers
Wave-1 independent variables	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Age (years)	56.6 (6.2)	55.5 (6.2)	54.7 (5.8)	53.6 (5.9)
Annual household income (yuan)	45,729 (125,029)	25,752 (37,697)	45,118 (120,972)	26,206 (39,226)
Difficulty in ADL (range: 0–6)	0.2 (0.7)	0.2 (0.8)	0.2 (0.8)	0.3 (0.9)
Difficulty in IADL (range: 0–5)	0.2 (0.7)	0.3 (0.8)	0.3 (0.9)	0.5 (1.0)
Number of adult children	2.3 (1.0)	2.6 (1.0)	2.3 (1.0)	2.6 (1.0)
	%	%	%	%
Educational attainment
Illiterate	5.1	11.1	25.3	45.5
Primary school	40.1	44.7	38.2	37.6
Middle school	31.4	29.5	22.3	13.8
High school or above	23.5	14.6	14.2	3.1
Cared for
Neither	36.1	42.9	33.0	38.7
Great-grandparnet(s) only	8.9	10.3	9.0	10.1
Grandchild(ren) only	39.3	34.3	41.5	36.7
Both	15.7	12.5	16.4	14.5
Weekly contact with adult children	95.3	91.6	95.8	92.1
Weekly contact with great-grandparent(s)	56.6	57.8	55.1	56.4
N	830	1,402	908	1,505

Note: ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living.