Table 4.

Estimated coefficients from lagged dependent models of the outcomes at Wave 2 using inverse probability weighting.

	Wave-2 Outcomes

Wave-1 predictors	Life satisfaction^a	CESD-10^a	Hypertension^b	High-risk pulse^b
Urban Grandfathers
Cared for (ref: none)
Great-grandparent(s) only	0.113	−0.493	0.868^*	−1.379
Grandchild(ren) only	0.004	−0.706^†	0.407	−0.758
Both	0.044	−0.060	0.679^†	−1.275

Rural Grandfathers
Cared for (ref: none)
Great-grandparent(s) only	0.082	−0.607	−0.674^*	0.481
Grandchild(ren) only	−0.016	0.071	−0.093	0.865^*
Both	0.020	−0.134	−0.294	0.618

Urban Grandmothers
Cared for (ref: none)
Great-grandparent(s) only	0.093	0.590	−0.551	0.610
Grandchild(ren) only	0.173^*	0.782	0.084	−0.291
Both	0.141	1.002	0.078	−0.275

Rural Grandmothers
Cared for (ref: none)
Great-grandparent(s) only	−0.067	0.359	−0.156	−0.026
Grandchild(ren) only	−0.043	0.285	0.008	0.131
Both	0.099^†	−0.214	−0.319	−0.417

Note: ref = reference. All the models control for age, educational attainment, household income, difficulty in activities of daily living, difficulty in instrumental activities of daily living, number of adult children, weekly contact with adult children, and weekly contact with great-grandparent(s).

Ordinary least squares model.

Logit model.

^†

p < 0.1;

p < 0.05;

^**

p < 0.01;

^***

p < 0.001 based on community-level cluster standard errors.