Appendix Table A1.

Estimated coefficients from regression models of the outcomes at baseline using multiple imputations.

	Wave-1 Outcomes
						C-reactive proteinc
Wave-1 predictors	Life satisfactiona	CESD-10a	Hypertensionb	High-risk pulseb	Diabetesb	Chronic inflammation	Acute infection
Urban Grandfathers
Cared for (ref: none)
Great-grandparent(s) only	0.224*	−1.111†	0.206	−0.600	−0.339	−0.082	0.477
Grandchild(ren) only	−0.007	−0.154	−0.051	−0.226	−0.194	0.105	0.077
Both	0.046	−1.134†	−0.628*	−0.238	−0.359	0.084	0.041
Rural Grandfathers
Cared for (ref: none)
Great-grandparent(s) only	0.066	0.779	−0.170	0.761*	−0.313	−0.177	−0.244
Grandchild(ren) only	0.078†	0.082	−0.190	0.354	−0.046	−0.268	0.312
Both	0.079	−0.050	−0.114	0.360	0.022	0.151	−0.357
Urban Grandmothers
Cared for (ref: none)
Great-grandparent(s) only	−0.081	−0.024	−0.348	−0.274	−0.202	−0.283	0.407
Grandchild(ren) only	0.025	−0.236	0.021	0.054	0.254	−0.498*	−0.576
Both	0.106	−0.810	−0.109	−0.057	0.122	−0.610	0.619
Rural Grandmothers
Cared for (ref: none)
Great-grandparent(s) only	0.051	1.408*	0.199	0.302	−0.118	0.150	1.002*
Grandchild(ren) only	0.058	0.122	−0.003	0.486	−0.057	0.103	−0.028
Both	0.110	0.589	−0.214	0.045	0.050	−0.289	−0.354

Note: ref = reference. All the models control for age, educational attainment, household income, difficulty in activities of daily living, difficulty in instrumental activities of daily living, number of adult children, weekly contact with adult children, and weekly contact with great-grandparent(s).

^aOrdinary least squares model.

^bLogit model.

^cMultinomial logit model and the reference category is normal level of C-reactive protein.

^†p < 0.1;

^*p < 0.05;

^**p < 0.01;

^***p < 0.001 based on community-level cluster standard errors.