Table 1.
EspF host binding partners and their biological functions.
| Binding partner | Notes | The function of the protein itself a | Biological effects of binding to EspF |
|---|---|---|---|
| SNX9 | Belongs to sorting nexin family | 1. Interacts with adaptor protein 2, dynamin, tyrosine kinase non-receptor 2, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome-like, and Arp3. 2. Participates in intracellular trafficking, including endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and F-actin nucleation. |
1. Influences the regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. 2. Mediates membrane remodeling. 3. Enhances the invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by EPEC. |
| N-WASP | Belongs to the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) family | 1 1. Involved in transduction of signals from receptors on the cell surface to the actin cytoskeleton. 2. Associate with the small GTPase, Cdc42. 3. Regulates actin filament reorganization via its interaction with the Arp2/3 complex and mediate the formation of actin pedestals upon infection by pathogenic bacteria. |
1. Mediates actin polymerization. 2. Induces Arp2/3-dependent actin assembly. 3.Mediates membrane remodeling. |
| Actin | Belongs to the actin family of proteins | 1. Plays a role in cell motility, structure and integrity. 2. One of the most highly-conserved proteins known. 3. Is found in two main states: G-actin is the globular monomeric form, whereas F-actin forms helical polymers. Both G- and F-actin are intrinsically flexible structures. |
1. Promotes pedestals maturation. 2. Disrupt paracellular permeability. 3. Mediated endocytosis of TJ proteins and may disrupt TJs. |
| Profilin | Small actin-binding proteins | 1. Plays an important role in actin dynamics by regulating actin polymerization in response to extracellular signals. 2. Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. |
1. Promotes pedestals maturation. 2. Disrupt paracellular permeability. 3. Mediated endocytosis of TJ proteins and may disrupt TJs. |
| Arp2/3 | Actin related protein 2/3 | The Arp2/3 protein complex has been implicated in the control of actin polymerization in cells and has been conserved throughout evolution. | 1. Cause the polymerization-depolymerization cycles of actin. 2. Promotes pedestals maturation. 3. Disrupts paracellular permeability. 4. Mediates endocytosis of TJ proteins and may disrupt TJs. |
| ZO-1 | Zonula occludens-1, act as a tight junction adaptor protein | 1. Act as a scaffold protein and regulate adherens junctions. 2. Interact with transmembrane proteins, cytosolic proteins, and F-actin, which are required for tight junction function. 3. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. |
1. Causes polymerization-depolymerization cycles of actin. 2. Promotes pedestals maturation. 3. Disrupts paracellular permeability. 4. Mediates endocytosis of TJ proteins and may disrupt TJs. |
| Cytokeratin 18 | Member of the intermediate filament gene family | 1. Play a role in filament reorganization. 2. Cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion |
1. Changes the architecture of the intermediate filament network. 2. May disrupt TJs. |
| 14-3-3ζ | A member of the 14-3-3 protein family | 1. Interacts with IRS1 protein, suggesting a role in regulating insulin sensitivity. 2. Acts as a suppressor of apoptosis and has a central role in tumor genesis and progression. 3. Involved in the regulation of cellular actin structures through the maintenance of phosphorylated-cofilin levels. |
1. Modulates the solubility and distribution of cytokeratin 18. 2. Changes the architecture of the intermediate filament network. 3. May disrupt TJs. |
| Abcf2 | Belongs to the ABC protein superfamily | 1. Be characterized as the product of an iron-inhibited transcribed gene. 2. Act as a cytoprotective, anti-apoptotic factor. |
Facilitates host cell death. |
| Anxa6 | Belongs to a family of calcium dependent membrane and phospholipid binding proteins | 1. Annexin VI has been implicated in mediating the endosome aggregation and vesicle fusion in secreting epithelia during exocytosis. 2. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. 3. May associate with CD21. 4. May regulate the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. |
1. May rearrange cytoskeleton. 2. May inhibit phagocytosis. 3. May downregulate EGFR. |
a
The function of the protein itself comes from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function.