Table 2.

ALS-specific instruments to screen for cognitive and behavioral changes at baseline and during the course of the disease.

Screening instrument	Duration of administration	Cognitive and behavioral domains examined	Parallel forms for longitudinal assessment	Validation in non-English speaking populations
Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioral ALS Screen (ECAS)	15–20 min	Executive functions, Social cognition, Language, Visuoconstruction, Memory Behavioral changes (including psychotic symptoms)	Yes	American-English; Belgium; Chinese; Croatian; Czech; Dutch; French; German; Swiss-German; Greek; Hebrew; Italian; Japanese; Norwegian; Polish; Portuguese; Russian; Slovak; Slovenian; Spanish; Swedish; Welsh
ALS Cognitive and Behavioral Screen (ALS-CBS)	<10 min	Executive functions including attention, concentration, mental tracking and monitoring, verbal fluency Behavioral changes	Yes	Brazilian; Spanish; Greek
ALS Brief Cognitive Assessment (ALS-BCA)	5 min	Executive functions (working memory, set-shifting), Frontally-mediated language function, Delayed verbal recall, Behavioral changes	N/A	N/A
Beaumont Behavioral Inventory (BBI)	5–10 min	Frontal Behavioral symptoms; Executive functions; Language; Psychotic symptoms	N/A	N/A
Motor Neuron Disease Behavioral Instrument (MiND-B)	<10 min	Behavioral symptoms	N/A	N/A
ALS Frontotemporal Dementia Questionnaire (ALS-FTD-Q)	5–10 min	Behavioral symptoms (it also includes 3 items for memory, concentration and orientation in time)	N/A	N/A