Table 2.
Analysis of Baseline Serum Albumin as Predictor of Change in Inflammatory, Immune Activation, and Gut Integrity Makers Over 96 Weeks
| Outcome | Parameter | (SE) | 95% CI of | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systemic Inflammation Makersa | ||||
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | Albumin | −2.16 (0.94) | (−4.01 to −0.31) | .03 |
| Statin | −0.02 (0.02) | (−0.05 to 0.02) | .36 | |
| hsCRP (μg/mL) | Albumin | −34.59 (2.74) | (−39.98 to −29.21) | <.001 |
| Statinb | <0.001 | - | - | |
| ICAM (ng/mL) | Albumin | 19.18 (25.66) | (−31.35 to 69.72) | .46 |
| Statin | −0.14 (0.12) | (−0.37 to 0.10) | .26 | |
| VCAM (ng/mL) | Albumin | 110.05 (68.04) | (−23.96 to 244.06) | .11 |
| Statin | −1.07 (0.44) | (−1.93 to −0.21) | .02 | |
| D-dimer (μg/mL) | Albumin | −0.29 (0.08) | (−0.44 to −0.13) | <.001 |
| Statin | 0.002 (0.002) | (−0.002 to 0.006) | .28 | |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | Albumin | −113.75 (18.88) | (−150.94 to −76.56) | <.001 |
| Statin | −0.20 (0.19) | (−0.58 to 0.17) | .29 | |
| TNFα receptor I (pg/mL) | Albumin | −275.42 (124.62) | (−520.87 to −29.96) | .02 |
| Statin | 0.35 (1.12) | (−1.86 to 2.56) | .75 | |
| TNFα receptor II (pg/mL) | Albumin | −158.98 (178.61) | (−510.78 to 192.81) | .37 |
| Statin | −1.92 (1.52) | (−4.91 to 1.07) | .21 | |
| IP-10 (pg/mL) | Albumin | 28.73 (50.06) | (−69.87 to 127.33) | .57 |
| Statin | 0.32 (0.46) | (−1.23 to 0.59) | .49 | |
| Immune and Monocyte Activation Markers | ||||
| sCD14 (ng/mL) | Albumin | −210.51 (143.52) | (−493.20 to 72.18) | .14 |
| Statin | −2.71 (2.70) | (−8.04 to 2.62) | .32 | |
| sCD163 (ng/mL) | Albumin | 20.28 (92.76) | (−162.43 to 202.99) | .83 |
| Statin | −0.11 (0.83) | (−1.74 to 1.51) | .89 | |
| CD14+CD16+ monocytes (%) | Albumin | −1.18 (1.08) | (−3.30 to 0.94) | .27 |
| Statin | −0.020 (0.010) | (−0.0404 to 0.0008) | .06 | |
| T-Cell Activation Markers | ||||
| CD4+CD38+HLA-DR+ T cells (%) | Albumin | 0.62 (0.67) | (−0.71 to 1.95) | .31 |
| Statin | −0.024 (0.009) | (−0.041 to 0.007) | <.01 | |
| CD8+CD38+HLA-DR+ T cells (%) | Albumin | 3.58 (1.93) | (−0.22 to 7.38) | .06 |
| Statin | −0.08 (0.03) | (−0.13 to −0.02) | <.01 | |
| Microbial Translocation and Gut Integrity Markers | ||||
| Zonulin (ng/mL) | Albumin | 1045.77 (1961.36) | (−2838.95 to 4930.49) | .59 |
| Statin | −3.36 (40.86) | (−83.86 to 77.14) | .09 | |
| Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein (pg/mL) | Albumin | −727.96 (732.65) | (−2179.07 to 723.15) | .32 |
| Statin | −13.46 (10.67) | (−34.60 to 7.68) | .21 | |
| Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (µg/mL) | Albumin | 0.80 (2.15) | (−3.47 to 5.06) | .71 |
| Statin | 0.02 (0.04) | (−0.05 to 0.09) | .64 | |
| Cardiovascular Disease Markers | ||||
| Framingham score | Albumin | 0.31 (1.04) | (−1.73 to 2.36) | .76 |
| Statin | −0.004 (0.006) | (−0.016 to 0.007) | .45 | |
| Carotid intima media thickness (mm) | Albumin | −0.07 (0.03) | (−0.130 to −0.007) | .03 |
| Statin | −0.0002 (0.00011) | (−0.00050 to 0.00003) | .08 | |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; IP-10, interferon γ-inducible protein; sCD14, soluble CD14; SE, standard error; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule. Bolded values represent significant P values, P ≤ .05.
aLinear mixed-effects model was used to examine the effect of the baseline albumin and statin on selected biomarkers. The top line regresses the described biomarker over 96 weeks on baseline serum albumin (g/dL), the shaded line regresses the same biomarker over 96 weeks and baseline serum albumin, controlling for statin use (group of randomization) over time. Slopes were examined to test group by time interactions.
bStatistical collinearity encountered when assessing time interaction variable and statin use for hsCRP, convergence could not be achieved.