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Regulation of neutrophil egress from the bone marrow by CXCR4 and CXCR2 ligands. CXCR4 ligand SDF-1 (stromal cell–derived factor 1; or CXCL12) acts to retain neutrophils in the bone marrow, whereas CXCR2 ligands KC (CXCL1) and MIP-2 (CXCL2) promote neutrophil egress. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilizes neutrophils by altering CXCR4:CXCR2 ratios. Local CXCL1 and G-CSF also increase neutrophil egress into tissues. Sex differences in chemokines are depicted by arrows.
