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. 2018 Nov 15;12:401. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00401

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Copyright © 2018 Miller.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Astroglia diversity in the adult brain. (Top, left) Astroglia in neurodegenerative disorders differentially regulate Kir4.1, Glt1 and GFAP. (Top, right) Astroglia in epilepsy downregulate Glt1, Kir4.1 and glutamine synthetase (GS). (Bottom, left) A1 astroglia are neurotoxic and upregulate markers such as C3. (Bottom, right) A2 astroglia are neuroprotective and upregulate S100a10 and Stat3. Image modified from Cancer Research UK/Wikimedia Commons.