Table 1.

Comparison of endogenous and synthetic exosomes in ischemic heart disease based on current understanding.

Trait	Endogenous	Synthetic
Exosome production
Quantity	High	High
Population	Heterogenous	Homogenous
Batch consistency	Medium	High
Harvest difficulty	Medium	Low
Exosome controllability	Semi cell specific	Highly cell specific
Cargo specificity	Non-specific	Cell specific
Cell homing	Semi specific	Highly specific
Drug loading	Feasible	Feasible
Therapeutic use
Regenerative potency	High	Excellent
Disease specific	Medium/high	High
Adverse effects	Possible	Low probability
Personalized medicine potential	Medium	Excellent
Off-the-shelves potential	Low	High
Production cost	High	High at prototype level, but Low as exosome enter “mass production”