Table 2.
Summary of markers of peripheral CD4+ Treg cells and plasma cytokines in healthy donors, HIV-monoinfected patients, and HIV/HCV-coinfected patients.
| Biomarkers | Healthy Controls (0) | HIV-mono (1) | HIV/HCV-co (2) | p (0–1) | p (0–2) | p (1–2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD4+ T regulatory cells (%) | ||||||
| CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127−/low (Treg) | 4.5 (3.3; 5.4) | 6.1 (4.9; 7.5) | 8.1 (6.3; 10) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127−/lowCD45RA− (mTreg) | 5.9 (4.1; 8.2) | 7.9 (6.4; 10.8) | 10.7 (8.1; 13.8) | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127−/lowCD45RA+ (rTreg) | 3 (2.1; 3.8) | 3.2 (1.8; 5.5) | 3 (2; 4.3) | 0.472 | 0.692 | 0.524 |
| Cytokines | ||||||
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 0.5 (0.4; 1.5) | 0.8 (0.4; 1.7) | 1.4 (0.8; 2.6) | 0.533 | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| TGF-β1 (ng/mL) | 35.6 (21.2; 53.7) | 31.2 (17.7; 51.9) | 28.2 (14; 56.9) | 0.825 | 0.382 | 0.468 |
| IL-2 (pg/mL) | 3.6 (1; 4.1) | 1.5 (1; 3.7) | 3.6 (0.9; 6.5) | 0.355 | 0.778 | 0.695 |
| IFN-γ (pg/mL) | 4.8 (3.5; 8.5) | 5.1 (2.8; 9.1) | 8.6 (2.6; 26.7) | 0.984 | 0.048 | 0.014 |
| IL-12p70 (pg/mL) | 1.7 (0.9; 3.2) | 1.6 (1.1; 2.5) | 1.9 (1.2; 3.9) | 0.802 | 0.390 | 0.174 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 1.5 (0.7; 3.5) | 1.6 (0.7; 3) | 2.1 (0.9; 5) | 0.881 | 0.167 | 0.177 |
| IL-4 (pg/mL) | 3 (1.4; 6.1) | 3.1 (1.8; 5.1) | 3 (1.7; 6.8) | 0.807 | 0.497 | 0.823 |
| IL-17A (pg/mL) | 0.9 (0.5; 2.1) | 1.5 (1; 2.1) | 1.1 (0.5; 2.6) | 0.150 | 0.681 | 0.233 |
Statistics: Values expressed as median (interquartile range). p-values were calculated by the Mann-Whitney test. Abbreviations: HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; CDXX, cluster of differentiation; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; IFN-γ, Interferon gamma; IL-XX, interleukin; Treg, regulatory CD4+ T cells; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.