Table 1.

Risk factor for SCD in HFrEF.

Familial and Personal History

-Prior cardiac arrest

-Family history of SCD

-Unexplained syncope

Electrocardiography

-QRS duration

-T wave alternans

-Signal averaged ECG

Autonomic Function

-Heart rate variability

-Heart rate turbulence

Electrophysiologic Study

-Inducible ventricular arrhythmias

-Extensive low voltage/abnormal signals on electroanatomic mapping

-Large mid-epicardial scar burden

-Multiple VT morphology

Echocardiography

-LVEF

-Ventricular dyssynchrony

-Speckle tracking

-Mechanical dispersion

Cardiac MRI

-Late gadolinium enhancement

-T1 mapping

Myocardial Sympathetic Innervation Imaging

-Heart to mediastal ratio

Biomarkers

-Natriuretic peptides

-High sensitive troponin

-Soluble ST2

Genetics

-Lamin A/C mutation

-Desmin mutation

SCD, sudden cardiac death; VT, ventricular tachycardia; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; QRS: QRS complex.