Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Studies |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Doherty and colleagues24 | Whiteman and colleagues21 | Goldfien and colleagues22 | Bulbin and colleagues27 | Mikuls and colleagues23 | Rees and colleagues26 | Leyva and colleagues28 | Yoo and colleagues25 | |
| Number of patients | 517 | 52 | 77 | 819 | 1412 | 106 | 13 | 100 |
| Single
versus multicenter |
Multicenter | Single | Single | Multicenter | Single | Multicenter | Single | Single |
| Average age control group (years; SD) | 64.0 (SD not reported) | Not reported | 58.0 (2.0) | 67 (13.6) | Not reported | 61.0 (11) | 59 ± 8.9 years | Not reported |
| Average
age intervention group (years; SD) |
62.0 (SD) not reported | Not reported | 60.9 (2.0) | 66.8 (16.1) | Not reported | 61.0 (11) | 59 ± 8.9 years | Not reported |
| White (%) | Not reported | Not reported | 30 | 95 | 45 | Not reported | 39 | Not reported |
| Female
(%) |
10.5 | Not reported | 12 | 26 | Not reported | 6 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Follow-up duration (months) | 24 | 23 | 6.5 | 6 | 24 | 12 | 3 | 3 |
| Decrease in SU intervention group mg/dl | 1.4 | 2.86 | 1.5 | Not reported | Not reported | 1.09 | 2.4 | 0.64 |
| Health person delivering education | Nurse | Pharmacist | Pharmacist | Physician | Pharmacist | Nurse | Physician | Nurse |
| ULT | Allopurinol | Allopurinol Febuxostat |
Allopurinol Probenecid Febuxostat |
Allopurinol Febuxostat |
Not reported | Allopurinol | Allopurinol | Not reported |
| Intervention | Addressing illness perceptions and involved patients in management decisions | Giving information about gout, its treatment, dietary, lifestyle modification and the importance of compliance with ULT. Pharmacist performed ongoing clinical review and monitoring/adjustment of treatment. |
Providing written educational material on gout at program entry Pharmacists allowed to order labs and change orders for medication. |
Engagement of intervention site staff, surveys of provider performance improvement preferences, and onsite live and enduring online education. Electronic health record reminders |
Allopurinol prescribing by pharmacist Patient outreach conducted primarily via telephone IVR system |
Delivering education, individualized lifestyle advice and appropriate ULT Followed up by telephone or in person to monitor clinical progress and success of lifestyle modification, and titrate ULT |
Developing and implementing a personalized health plan Initial interview focused on formulating a goal. Patient selected goal indicating their starting and desired status using a numerical scale |
Delivering face-to-face gout education including an information leaflet about lifestyle advice and ULT |
IVR, interactive voice recognition; SD, standard deviation; SU, serum urate; ULT, urate-lowering therapy.