Table 7.

Estimates of the proportionality parameter (λ) for the carryover effects on three attributes (color, taste, overall liking) from model (3).

Attribute	Estimate (λ)	SE 1	Approximate 95% Confidence Limits		% of Treatment Effect 2
Color	−0.16	0.03	−0.21	−0.10	−15.46%
Taste	−0.004	0.03	−0.06	0.05	−0.38%
Overall liking	−0.04	0.03	−0.09	0.01	−3.85%

¹ SE = Standard Error. According to Ferris et al. [2], when the estimated λ is positive there is an assimilation of the previous stimulus, while for negative λ carryover takes the form of a contrast effect. The model (N = 540) was fitted using PROC NLIN of the SAS software. ² % of treatment effect is the percentage of the carryover effect with respect to the treatment effect in the model.