Table 3.
The associations between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its severity based on non-invasive fibrosis markers and the development of gallstones.
| Number | Person-Years | Incident Case | Incidence Density (1000 Person-Year) | Age- and sex-Adjusted HR a (95% CI) | Multivariate HR a (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
| Based on NFS | |||||||
| No NAFLD | 214,446 | 1,295,745.6 | 4180 | 3.2 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| NAFLD, Low NFS | 63,985 | 384,074.4 | 2056 | 5.4 | 1.73 (1.64–1.83) | 1.30 (1.21–1.39) | 1.25 (1.16–1.34) |
| NAFLD, Intermediate or high NFS | 5015 | 23,607.0 | 204 | 8.6 | 2.40 (2.07–2.78) | 1.54 (1.30–1.82) | 1.50 (1.26–1.78) |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Based on FIB 4 | |||||||
| No NAFLD | 214,446 | 1,295,745.6 | 4180 | 3.2 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| NAFLD, Low FIB 4 | 65,526 | 392,234.6 | 2157 | 5.5 | 1.77 (1.68–1.88) | 1.31 (1.23–1.41) | 1.26 (1.17–1.36) |
| NAFLD, Intermediate or high FIB 4 | 3474 | 15,446.8 | 103 | 6.7 | 1.68 (1.37–2.06) | 1.20 (0.95–1.51) | 1.21 (0.96–1.53) |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Based on APRI | |||||||
| No NAFLD | 214,446 | 1,295,745.6 | 4180 | 3.2 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| NAFLD, Low APRI | 64,537 | 381,044.8 | 2101 | 5.5 | 1.76 (1.67–1.86) | 1.31 (1.22–1.40) | 1.26 (1.17–1.36) |
| NAFLD, Intermediate or high APRI | 4463 | 26,636.6 | 159 | 6.0 | 1.89 (1.61–2.22) | 1.31 (1.10–1.57) | 1.26 (1.05–1.50) |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
a Estimated from parametric proportional hazard models. Multivariable adjusted model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, center, year of examination, education level, smoking, alcohol intake, exercise, total calorie intake, history of hypertension, history of diabetes and medication for dyslipidemia; model 2: model 1 plus adjusted for LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, HOMA-IR, or hsCRP. Abbreviations: APRI, aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index; CI, confidence intervals; FIB-4, fibrosis 4; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HR, hazard ratios; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score.