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LC-NE system eliciting PLR and efferent visual neural pathway–modulation of NMDA receptors and cranial nerves produce pupillary change; elevated Ca2+ at NMDA receptors increase NE levels = hyperarousal/sympathetic state in ASD, inducing sustained mydriasis in response to light stimuli. LC = locus coeruleus; NE = norepinephrine; BLA = basolateral amygdala; NMDA = N-methyl-D-aspartate; E-W = Edinger Westphal; ACh = acetylcholine.
