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. 2018 Nov 16;11(11):dmm035873. doi: 10.1242/dmm.035873

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© 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Fig. 5. — Arbutin and its interactions with calcium and oxalate. (A) SEM image of arbutin complexed with calcium. EDX spectra reveal four calcium ions for every molecule of oxalate. (B) Isothermal titration calorimetric analysis of arbutin and calcium chloride, revealing a molar ratio of four calcium ions for each arbutin molecule. (C) Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) spectrum of calcium and arbutin complexes formed in solution. (D) MALDI spectrum of arbutin and oxalate complexes formed in solution.