Figure 2.

Schematic of closed-loop bioelectronic medicine.

(A) Closed-loop bioelectronic medicines can record from and interface with numerous sources, including neural circuits and organ systems. (B) Ongoing activity acquired from one or more sensors can be utilized to assess physiological states (e.g., cardiopulmonary activity or neural activity from peripheral nerves). (C) Events or changes in these data streams can then be decoded using machine learning, in order to dynamically trigger closed-loop bioelectronic medicine when needed (e.g., during a detected cardiopulmonary disease event). (D) Neural stimulation modulates physiology providing therapeutic benefit, and is turned on and off by decoded physiological events. These cycles continue throughout treatment to provide closed-loop bioelectronic medicine and promote recovery of function.