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Extracellular (a) and intracellular (b) levels of IL-8 after incubating human gingival keratinocytes (HMK) with three test concentrations of c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP either alone or together with P. gingivalis LPS. Bars express the mean ±standard deviation for triplicate tests. * indicates a statistical difference with the control (no LPS, c-di-GMP, or c-di-AMP) and ○ indicates a statistical difference with P. gingivalis LPS alone.
