Table 1.

Prophylactic HCV vaccine studies in chimpanzees and humans

Vaccine		Targeted immunity	Animal testing	Clinical trial	Ref.
Recombinant protein	gpE1 and gpE2 Adjuvant: MF59 and MF75	Humoral immunity	Immunogenic in small animals; protects chimpanzees from acute or chronic infection	Phase 1a; neutralizing antibodies and CD4+ T cell responses	68,100,101
	Core Adjuvant: Iscomatrix	Cell-mediated immunity	Immunogenic in small animals and rhesus macaques	Phase 1a; CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses	109,110
	gpE1 Adjuvant: alum	Humoral immunity	Immunogenic in small animals; protects chimpanzees from acute or chronic infection	Phase 1a; antibodies and CD4+ T cell responses; no longer in development	111
	Core, NS3, NS4 and NS5 Adjuvant: Iscomatrix	Cell-mediated immunity	Immunogenic in small animals; no protection from acute or chronic infection	None	101
	HCV-like particles containing core, gpE1 and gpE2 Adjuvant: AS01B	Humoral and cell-mediated immunity	Immunogenic in small animals; protects chimpanzees from chronic infection	None	89
DNA and viral vector	DNA prime and adeno expressing core and NS3–NS5	Cell-mediated immunity	Immunogenic in small animals; protects chimpanzees from chronic infection	Phase 1/2 (NS3–NS5); CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses	67,102
	DNA prime and adeno virus expressing core, E1, E2 and NS3– NS5 Adjuvant: IL-12 plasmid	Humoral and cell-mediated immunity	Immunogenic in small animals; protected chimpanzees from chronic infection	None	86
	DNA prime and MVA expressing core, E1, E2 and NS3, or NS3–NS5	Humoral and cell-mediated immunity	Immunogenic in small animals; reduced peak viremia but did not protect chimpanzees from chronic infection	Phase 1/2 as therapeutic vaccine; CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response	81,83
	VV expressing core, E1, E2, p7, NS2 and NS3	Humoral and cell-mediated immunity	Immunogenic in small animals; protected chimpanzees from chronic infection	None	80
	DNA expressing E2	Humoral and cell-mediated immunity	Immunogenic in small animals; protected chimpanzees from chronic infection	None	112
DNA/recombinant protein	DNA prime and protein boost (core, E1, E2 and NS3) Adjuvant: alum	Humoral and cell-mediated immunity	Immunogenic in small animals; protected chimpanzees from chronic infection	None	113

Only chimpanzee studies with two or more chimpanzees are listed.