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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Nov 29.
Published in final edited form as: Br J Nutr. 2018 Sep 12;120(10):1159–1170. doi: 10.1017/S0007114518002180

Figure 4. Meta-analysis of the association of serum 25(OH)D–PFT outcomes among current, former, and never smokers in the European ancestry cohorts in the CHARGE Consortium.

Figure 4.

FEV1 and FVC are presented for each smoking status. β (unit: mL) denotes that 1 nmol/L higher serum 25(OH)D was associated with a β mL higher FEV1 (or FVC), calculated from an analysis including the interaction of serum 25(OH)D and smoking status. The error bar represents ± 1 standard error. We used 22,787 EA participants for the FEV1 outcome and 22,777 EA participants for the FVC outcome.