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. 2010 May 12;15(5):3441–3461. doi: 10.3390/molecules15053441

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© 2010 by the authors;

licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Scheme 9 — Ullmann-typed aryl halide coupling with Pd nanoscale catalysts in IL under electroreductive conditions at room-temperature. (R = H, NO₂, CH₃, NH₂, OCH₃, CN, CF₃, OH; X = Br, I). Adapted from reference [82].