Table 2.
Comparison between simulated and measured results.
| Liquid Sample | Simulated fr (GHz) | Measured fr (Averaged) | Simulated fb (MHz) | Measured fb (Averaged) | Measured Complex Permittivity (Keysight Probe) | Theoretical Complex Permittivity [35,36] | Measured Complex Permittivity (Proposed Sensor) | Error (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air | 2.1888 | 2.18875 | 14.5 | 22.5 | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| Hexane | 1.9644 | 1.9735 (0.0015) | 13.1 | 19.58 (3.5) | 1.974 − j8.9*10−3 | 1.894 − j3.62*10−4 | 1.8325 − j4.1*10−3 | 3.24 |
| Ethyl acetate | 1.7237 | 1.7254 (0.0023) | 21.25 | 37.29 (4.9) | 6.88 − j0.159 | 5.918 − j0.1758 | 6 − j0.1069 | 1.38 |
| DMSO | 1.5825 | 1.5823 (0.0015) | 20 | 36.3 (5.06) | 43.4 − j8.1 | 45.1 − j7.327 | 46.4 − j4.57 | 2.88 |
| Water | 1.5721 | 1.5715 (0.0005) | 13.5 | 25.62 (3.23) | 79.15 − j6.1 | 77.98 − j5.828 | 79.52 − j6.99 | 1.97 |