Table 1.
Electronic materials used for working electrodes.
| Refs. | Substrate | Functionalization | Target | Method of Immobilization |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [59] | Au/Ag–NWs | HRP | Hydrogen peroxidase | Covalent bonding |
| [60] | Carbon/ZnO | Hb | Covalent bonding | |
| [61] | GC/Ag NPs/MWNTs | Hb | Entrapment | |
| [62] | Graphene/Au–NPs | Enzyme-free | ||
| [63] | Nafion modified GC/CNT | Enzyme-free | ||
| [64] | Au/Ag–NCs | HRP/GOx | Glucose | Entrapment |
| [65] | ITO/CS–PPy Au–NPs | GOx | Entrapment | |
| [66] | Ag/CNT/CS | GOx/HRP | Layer technique | |
| [67] | BDD/graphene/Pt–NPs | GOx | Adsorption | |
| [68,69,70,71,72] | Si/VACNFs | GOx/HRP | Adsorption | |
| [73] | Graphite NPs | GOx | Covalent bonding | |
| [74] | Pt/Pt–NPs–PPy | SOx | Sulfite | Entrapment |
| [75] | ITO/PEDOT:PSS | TPM | Dopamine, ascorbic acid | CVD |
| [76] | FTO/GONPs–PPy | BOx | Bilirubin | Entrapment |
| [77] | GC | DHB | Adenine dinucleotide | Potential activation |
| [78] | BDD/MWCNTs | Tyrosinase | Bisphenol A | Entrapment |
| [79] | GC/PEDOT/MWCNTs | SOD | Wine antioxidants | nr |
NW, nanowire; GC, glassy carbon; NP, nanoparticle; MWNT, multiwalled carbon nanotube; CNT, carbon nanotube; NC, nanocube; CS, chitosan; PPy, polypyrrole; BDD, boron-doped diamond; VACNF, vertically aligned carbon nanofiber; PEDOT:PSS, poly(3,4–ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate; GONP, graphene oxide nanoparticle; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; Hb, hemoglobin; GOx, glucose oxidase; BOx, bilirubin oxidase; SOx, sulfite oxidase; TPM, 3–(trichlorosilyl) propyl methacrylate; CVD, chemical vapor deposition; DHB, 3,4–dihydroxybenzaldehyd; SOD, superoxide dismutase; nr, not reported.