. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2018 Dec;39(9):715–725. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000598

Table 4.

Predicting directly assessed academic and teacher-reported social skills outcomes using food insecurity categories and control variables at the child- and school-level

	Reading	Science	Math	Working Memory	Cognitive Flexibility	Self-Control	Interper-sonal	Internal-izing	External-izing

	Coeff.	Coeff.	Coeff.	Coeff.	Coeff.	Coeff.	Coeff.	Coeff.	Coeff.
*School-Level Variables*
Fewer teacher absences	0.113^*	0.093^*	0.107^*	1.114	0.141	−0.025	−0.007	0.044^*	0.055^*
Less teacher turnover	−0.028	−0.026	−0.037	−1.22	0.013	0.001	−0.028	−0.003	−0.058^*
Less bullying	−0.004	0.019	−0.028	0.492	−0.137^*	0.001	0.008	<−.001	0.004
More parental involvement	0.021	0.092^***	0.023	1.344^*	0.071	0.015	0.001	−0.004	0.004
No weapons	0.055	0.053	0.085	0.772	0.109	−0.013	−0.006	−0.021	−0.013
Private (ref: public)	−0.127	−0.143	−0.143	0.309	−0.184	−0.229	−0.204	0.165	0.198
Title 1	−0.238^***	−0.302^***	−0.288^***	−4.476^***	−0.28^*	−0.105^***	−0.093^**	0.085^***	0.095^***
School Enrollment	0.012	−0.019	0.018	−0.532	0.003	0.004	0.007	0.008	−0.007
City (ref :suburb)	−0.104^*	−0.117^*	−0.061	−0.39	0.02	−0.041	−0.032	0.024	0.021
Town/Rural (ref: suburb)	0.065	0.09	0.048	0.856	0.077	−0.008	−0.008	0.021	0.032
*Individual-Level Variables:*
Food Insecurity Transitions (ref: AvertFIS)
PersistFIS	−0.048	−0.012	−0.052	−1.245	−0.182	−0.059	−0.065	0.056	0.07^*
PersistMFIS	−0.034	−0.034	0.053	−2.433	−0.018	−0.106^*	−0.115^*	−0.041	0.093
EmergFIS	−0.011	0.066	−0.003	−3.955	0.224	−0.113	−0.106	0.058	0.145^**
EmergMFIS	0.008	0.013	−0.03	1.4	−0.221	−0.088	−0.066	−0.001	0.077
DeepenFIS	0.013	−0.127	−0.153^*	−5.202^*	−0.126	−0.208^**	−0.146	−0.016	0.021
RemFIS	−0.008	−0.014	0.001	0.352	0.25	−0.017	0.021	0.034	−0.023
RemMFIS	−0.038	−0.015	−0.015	−0.059	<.001	−0.082^*	−0.098^**	0.019	0.051
AttenFIS	−0.018	−0.025	−0.007	−0.507	−0.29	−0.087	−0.031	0.03	0.055
Parent/Household Characteristics
Single Parent	−0.028	−0.085^***	−0.024	−0.416	0.175	−0.073^**	−0.114^***	0.082^***	0.071^***
Foreign-born parent(s) (ref: US born parent(s))	0.084^***	−0.125^**	−0.01	0.034	0.01	0.08^**	0.016	−0.074^**	−0.09^***
One US-born and 1 foreign born parent (ref: US born parent(s))	0.015	−0.008	−0.041	−0.528	−0.163	0.05	−0.036	−0.011	0.001
Household size	<−.001	−0.026^**	−0.01	−0.246	0.057	0.01	0.004	−0.012	−0.014
Teen mother	−0.01	−0.042	−0.011	−0.339	−0.24^**	−0.049^*	−0.059^*	0.033	0.055^**
Parental depression	0.005	0.009	<.001	−0.245	0.085	0.003	−0.003	−0.012	0.018
Parental health status	0.009	0.012	−0.002	0.35	−0.006	0.016	0.015	−0.018	0.004
SES	0.059^***	0.101^***	0.046^***	2.092^***	0.29^***	0.049^***	0.058^***	−0.027^*	−0.021
Child Characteristics
Black (ref: white)	−0.05	−0.239^***	−0.214^***	−6.989^***	−0.784^***	−0.104^**	−0.11^**	−0.011	0.103^***
Hispanic (ref: white)	−0.058^*	−0.189^***	−0.145^***	−3.825^***	−0.306^**	−0.001	0.032	−0.045	−0.024
Asian (ref: white)	−0.027	0.036	−0.019	2.778	−0.153	0.017	0.046	−0.078^*	−0.015
Other (ref: white)	−0.009	−0.001	−0.094^*	−0.74	−0.078	−0.001	0.034	−0.028	0.006
Female (ref: male)	0.03^*	−0.073^***	−0.088^***	−0.09	0.037	0.126^***	0.159^***	−0.009	−0.131^***
Age	−0.003^*	0.008^***	−0.003	0.025	0.02	−0.001	−0.001	<.001	−0.001
Low birthweight	−0.037	−0.06	−0.023	−1.854	−0.488^**	0.013	−0.001	0.02	−0.006
Disability	−0.092^***	−0.122^***	−0.09^***	−6.252^***	−0.47^***	−0.09^***	−0.095^***	0.145^***	0.094^***
Prekindergarten	0.012	−0.015	0.021	1.863^**	0.139	−0.026	−0.04^*	−0.009	0.014
Kindergarten Score	0.755^***	0.695^***	0.864^***	0.362^***	0.149^***	0.402^***	0.386^***	0.27^***	0.53^***

Note: The model uses the sampling weight W6CS6P_6T0a.

^***

p≤.001,

^**

p≤.01,

p≤.05