Figure 4.

(A) Determination of in vitro toxicities of 0 h, 1 h and 48 h aged IAPP on βTC-6 cells in the presence and absence of L/R-SiO₂ (ns: P > 0.05, ***: P ≤ 0.001 and ****: P ≤ 0.0001). Visualization of βTC-6 cell (B) damage induced by 0 h IAPP (C), 1 h IAPP (F) and 48 h IAPP (I) and their mitigation by the L/R-SiO₂ with helium ion microscopy (D, E; G, H; J, K). Scale bars: 2 µm. Here the 0 h, 1 h and 48 h aged IAPP refer to IAPP freshly dissolved in water (0 h IAPP), oligomers/protofibrils (1 h into fibrillization), and fibrils (48 h into fibrillization), respectively. The incubation time of the IAPP species in the cell toxicity assay was 14 h. The experiments was carried out in triplicate and error bars show the standard deviations of the averaged data sets. IAPP concentration: 20 µM, at room temperature and pH 7.