Table 3. Multivariate correlates of BMI ≥25 kg/m2 in a rural district of Zambia.
| Male | Female | Total | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR (95% CI) | p value | AOR (95% CI) | p value | AOR (95% CI) | p value | ||||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | − | − | − | − | − | − | 1 | (Reference) | |
| Female | 2.39 | (1.47–3.88) | <0.01 | ||||||
| Age group (year) | |||||||||
| 25–44 | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | |||
| 45–64 | 4.19 | 1.96–9.00 | <0.01 | 1.80 | (1.06–3.06) | 0.03 | 2.34 | (1.54–3.56) | <0.01 |
| Education level | |||||||||
| ≤Primary | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | |||
| Secondary | 1.34 | (0.59–3.07) | 0.49 | 1.75 | (0.87–3.55) | 0.12 | 1.77 | (1.06–2.94) | 0.03 |
| ≥Tertiary | 3.09 | (0.96–10.00) | 0.06 | 3.68 | (1.23–10.85) | 0.02 | 3.41 | (1.61–7.23) | <0.01 |
| Monthly income (US Dollar) | |||||||||
| ≤50 | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | |||
| >50 | 1.46 | (0.68–3.13) | 0.33 | 1.13 | (0.69–1.87) | 0.62 | 1.20 | (0.80–1.81) | 0.37 |
| Smoking history | |||||||||
| Never | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | |||
| Former smoker | 1.05 | (0.44–2.48) | 0.92 | 0.35 | (0.06–2.00) | 0.24 | 0.78 | (0.38–1.59) | 0.49 |
| Current smoker | 0.32 | (0.10–1.00) | 0.05 | 0.29 | (0.02–3.81) | 0.35 | 0.29 | (0.11–0.78) | 0.01 |
| Alcohol use | |||||||||
| Never | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | |||
| ≤Few times per month | 0.97 | (0.41–2.32) | 0.94 | 1.69 | (0.93–3.08) | 0.08 | 1.35 | (0.84–2.17) | 0.22 |
| ≥Few times per week or daily | 0.77 | (0.28–2.12) | 0.61 | 1.11 | (0.39–3.17) | 0.84 | 0.90 | (0.46–1.75) | 0.75 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake (fruits ≥once a week, vegetables daily) | |||||||||
| Neither | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | |||
| Either | 1.02 | (0.36–2.94) | 0.97 | 1.33 | (0.60–2.95) | 0.48 | 1.19 | (0.64–2.21) | 0.59 |
| Both | 1.42 | (0.49–4.15) | 0.52 | 2.44 | (1.10–5.41) | 0.03 | 2.00 | (1.07–3.75) | 0.03 |
| Physical activity (activities of daily life and sports ≥once a week) | |||||||||
| Neither | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | |||
| Either | 0.33 | (0.09–1.23) | 0.10 | 1.65 | (0.74–3.68) | 0.22 | 1.14 | (0.59–2.22) | 0.69 |
| Both | 0.16 | (0.03–0.70) | 0.02 | 1.14 | (0.35–3.67) | 0.83 | 0.56 | (0.23–1.33) | 0.18 |
| Salt intake (g/day) | |||||||||
| <5 | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | |||
| ≥5 | 1.01 | (0.45–2.29) | 0.97 | 0.84 | (0.44–1.61) | 0.61 | 0.88 | (0.54–1.44) | 0.61 |
| Psychological distress | |||||||||
| Low | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | |||
| High | 0.72 | (0.28–1.84) | 0.49 | 0.31 | (0.16–0.60) | <0.01 | 0.40 | (0.23–0.69) | <0.01 |
| Blood pressure | |||||||||
| Normal | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | |||
| High | 1.66 | (0.83–3.33) | 0.16 | 1.85 | (1.10–3.13) | 0.02 | 1.78 | (1.19–2.68) | 0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) | |||||||||
| <5.7 | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | |||
| ≥5.7 | 1.55 | (0.74–3.26) | 0.25 | 1.80 | (1.10–2.95) | 0.02 | 1.72 | (1.16–2.55) | 0.01 |
| Abnormal blood lipid profile | |||||||||
| No | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | |||
| Yes | 3.16 | (1.08–9.29) | 0.04 | 1.50 | (0.69–3.27) | 0.30 | 1.86 | (1.02–3.37) | 0.04 |
| HIV status (self-reported) | |||||||||
| Negative | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | 1 | (Reference) | |||
| Positive | 1.02 | (0.30–3.48) | 0.98 | 0.70 | (0.32–1.57) | 0.39 | 0.76 | (0.39–1.48) | 0.42 |
CI: confidence interval
AOR: adjusted odds ratio