Table 3.

Mediation of pictorial warnings’ effect on quit attempts, single mediator analyses (N = 2,149)

Mediator		a pathway	b pathway	a*b pathway
	Week	β a	β b	β a*βb
Attention/noticing	1	.45*	.32*	.15*
Warning reactions
Cognitive elaboration	1	.22*	.37*	.08*
Thinking about the warning message	1	.30*	.38*	.12*
Thinking about the harms of smoking	1	.07*	.27*	.02*
Negative affect	0	.39*	.23*	.09*
Anxiety	0	.39*	.20*	.08*
Disgust	0	.46*	.20*	.09*
Fear	0	.34*	.23*	.08*
Guilt	0	.29*	.22*	.06*
Sadness	0	.34*	.21*	.07*
Negative cigarette pack attitudes	4	.24*	.27*	.07*
Perceived understandability	0	.05*	−.05	.00
Reactance, brief form	0	.21*	−.07*	−.02*
Reactance, long form subscales
Anger	0	.22*	−.04	−.01
Common knowledge	0	−.13*	−.15*	.02*
Derogation	0	−.05*	−.09*	.00
Discounting	0	.16*	.03	.00
Exaggeration	0	.14*	.00	.00
Government	0	.16*	−.09*	−.01*
Manipulation	0	.20*	−.07*	−.01*
Personal attack	0	.18*	−.01	.00
Self-relevance	0	.03	−.01	.00
Warning avoidance	1	.35*	.34*	.12*
Worry about consequences of smoking	0	.04*	.24*	.01*
Social interactions	1	.20*	.19*	.04*
Attitudes and beliefs
Anticipated regret of quitting smoking	2	−.04	−.22*	.01
Anticipated regret of smoking	2	−.05*	.03	.00
Negative consequences of smoking	0	.00	.03	.00
Perceived benefits of quitting smoking	1	−.01	−.02	.00
Perceived costs of quitting smoking	1	−.04	−.21*	.01
Perceived likelihood of harm from smoking	2	.02	.10*	.00
Perceived severity of harm from smoking	2	.00	−.05*	.00
Perceived threat (PL*PS)	2	.02	.08*	.00
Perceived severity of negative consequences of quitting smoking	2	.00	−.12*	.00
Perceived efficacy	2	.06*	.34*	.02*
Self-efficacy to quit smoking	2	.05*	.37*	.02*
Response efficacy of quitting smoking: lower risk of health problems	2	.02	.10*	.00
Perceived efficacy*Perceived threat	2	.04	.21*	.01
Response efficacy of quitting smoking: cause negative consequences	2	−.02	−.15*	.00
Smoker prototypes	0	.01	−.10*	.00
Negative	0	.03	.12*	.00
Positive	0	.05*	.01	.00
Smoking reinforcement attitudes—negative	0	−.01	−.15*	.00
Smoking reinforcement attitudes—positive	0	.01	−.17*	.00
Subjective norms of quitting smoking	1	−.01	.12*	.00
Intentions
Quit intentions	0	.13*	.39*	.05*
Quit stage	0	.08*	.32*	.02*
Perceived effectiveness of warnings	0	.34*	.32*	.11*

Outcome variable was having reported a quit attempt during the 4-week trial. Table reports β, the standardized path coefficient. Analyses used a single mediator. Week 0 refers to survey at first visit, immediately after smokers saw their labeled cigarette packs. To allow use of the full sample, analyses accounted for missingness by employing full information maximum likelihood estimation available in Mplus. * designates an interaction term. PL*PS = perceived likelihood * perceived severity.

*p < .05