Table 2.
Association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with child’s autism spectrum disorder and ASD traits without adjustment and with adjustment for socioeconomic status, partner’s smoking and maternal depression
| Outcome | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | OR [95% CI] |
p-Value | N | OR [95% CI] |
p-Value | N | OR [95% CI] |
p-Value | N | OR [95% CI] |
p-Value | |
| ASD | 11,946 | 0.66 [0.45, 0.97] |
0.033 | 8986 | 0.67 [0.40, 1.12] |
0.124 | 7684 | 0.83 [0.46, 1.50] |
0.543 | 7274 | 0.84 [0.46, 1.56] |
0.208 |
| SCDC score | 7402 | 1.56 [1.29, 1.87] |
<0.0005 | 6142 | 1.52 [1.22, 1.89] |
<0.0005 | 5380 | 1.31 [1.02, 1.70] |
0.038 | 5135 | 1.23 [0.94, 1.60] |
0.130 |
| CCC coherence (reverted) |
7096 | 1.19 [0.99, 1.42] |
0.063 | 5899 | 1.08 [0.87, 1.34] |
0.481 | 5182 | 1.13 [0.88, 1.46] |
0.326 | 4952 | 1.04 [0.80, 1.34] |
0.780 |
| Repetitive behaviour |
7854 | 1.34 [1.09, 1.61] |
0.004 | 6474 | 1.28 [1.01, 1.62] |
0.043 | 5665 | 1.21 [0.93, 1.59] |
0.161 | 5415 | 1.09 [0.82, 1.44] |
0.549 |
| EAS sociability (reverted) |
9152 | 0.99 [0.85, 1.15] |
0.891 | 7392 | 0.85 [0.71, 1.02] |
0.089 | 6421 | 0.84 [0.67, 1.03] |
0.097 | 6119 | 0.80 [0.64, 1.00] |
0.051 |
| N |
Beta
[95% CI] |
p -Value | N |
Beta
[95% CI] |
p -Value | N |
Beta
[95% CI] |
p -Value | N |
Beta
[95% CI] |
p -Value | |
| ASD mean factor score (standardised) |
11,317 | −0.11 [−0.15, −0.07] |
<0.0005 | 8744 | −0.04 [−0.09, 0.01] |
0.092 | 7500 | −0.04 [−0.10, 0.01] |
0.143 | 7114 | 0.00 [−0.06, 0.06] |
0.963 |
ASD autism spectrum disorder, SCDC Social and Communication Disorders Checklist, CCC Children’s Communication Checklist, EAS Emotionality Activity and Sociability
Model 1 = adjusted for sex of the child
Model 2 = adjusted for sex of the child, maternal age, parity, maternal education, social class and financial difficulties
Model 3 = adjusted for sex of the child, maternal age, parity, maternal education, social class, financial difficulties and partner’s smoking
Model 4 = adjusted for sex of the child, maternal age, parity, maternal education, social class, financial difficulties and partner’s smoking and maternal depression Crude model (no sex adjustment)