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. 2018 Nov 30;3:31. doi: 10.1038/s41392-018-0031-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Effects of intestinal epithelial autophagy on colitis and colorectal cancer. a Autophagy can suppress colitis through maintaining epithelial TJ permeability; maintaining regeneration of epithelial cells; removing invasive bacteria; and reducing inflammatory cytokines. b In established malignant cells, autophagy can accelerate CRC progression through promoting cancer cell proliferation; inhibiting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of cancer cells; protecting the survival of cancer cells and cancer stem cells in nutrient-deficient conditions; and reducing chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity of cancer cells