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. 2018 Nov 30;3:31. doi: 10.1038/s41392-018-0031-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Role of macrophage autophagy on colitis and colorectal cancer. a Autophagy can inhibit inflammation through inhibiting bacteria invasion; promoting antigen processing; inhibiting M1 polarization and activating M2 polarization; and suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome and other PRRs. b Autophagy can inhibit CRC through inhibiting oncogenesis, angiogenesis and tumor growth; and increasing the radiosensitivity of CRC cells. MTMR3 myotubularin-related protein 3, CB2R cannabinoid receptor 2