Table 2.

Role of autophagy in IBD

Cell	The role of autophagy in IBD	Mechanism	Ref.
Epithelial cell	Inhibits colitis	Inhibits ROS, removes bacteria, reduces epithelial TJ permeability, and supports ISC maintenance and regeneration of epithelial cells	12– 18, 22, 23
Macrophage	Inhibits colitis	Inhibits PRR-induced ROS, cytokines and NLRP3 inflammasomes	38– 40
Neutrophil	Promotes colitis	Produces NADPH-oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species	45
NK cell	Protects innate immunity	Removes damaged mitochondria and intracellular ROS	47
DC	Inhibits colitis	Decreases inflammation and Th17 responses	48
T cell	Inhibits colitis	Decreases CD4+T cells that produce IL-17A and IL-13 and CD8+T cells that produce IFN-γ; increases Tregs	86
Endothelial cell	NA
Mesenchymal cell	NA