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. 2018 Nov 29;9:5059. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07589-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Production of meso-galactaric acid from citrus peel by engineered S. cerevisiae. a Citrus peel is enzymatically depolymerized to yield an acidic hydrolysate containing d-galUA and d-glucose. GatA transports d-galUA intracellularly in the presence of d-glucose. UDH oxidizes d-galUA to meso-galactarate, which accumulates in the media and is precipitated by acidification of the broth. Meso-galactarate is used directly as a renewable chelate and pharmaceutical conjugate. Efficient chemical conversions of meso-galactaric acid yield nylon and plastic monomers, adipic acid and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), for polymerization and broad commercial applications. b Strains co-expressing UDH and GatA (yRJP067, triangles) exhibit higher conversion of d-galUA to meso-galactaric acid in acidic orange peel hydrolysate media in the presence of glucose compared to strains expressing only UDH (yRJP003, circles). Batch feeding of d-glucose (c) at 0 and 48 h in CPW hydrolysate cultures increases meso-galactaric acid yields when expressing GatA (orange triangles), but inhibits yields without the transporter (green circles). Concentrations are normalized for glucose batch feeding. Error bars represent standard deviation of biological triplicates. Image sourced from Petr Kratochvil and licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication by author