Table 6.

Ulvan triggers cytokine transcription in monocytes.

	Time	No addition	Glycogen 10μg/ml	Ulvan 10μg/ml	Ulvan 25μg/ml	Ulvan 50μg/ml	Statistical difference between t = 2h and t = 4h
FOLD CHANGES, MONOCYTES
IL1β	2h	1.00 ± 0.07	1.03 ± 0.08	1.20 ± 0.09	1.15 ± 0.09	1.26 ± 0.08	p < 0.05 for ulvan 10μg/ml and 25μg/ml, p < 0.01 for 25μg/ml and 50 μg/ml
	4h	0.92 ± 0.09	0.97 ± 0.07a	1.63 ± 0.21b	5.61 ± 0.48c*	50.95 ± 3.72#
IFNα	2h	0.99 ± 0.08	1.01 ± 0.08	1.13 ± 0.09	1.16 ± 0.11	1.51 ± 0.09	p < 0.05 for ulvan 25μg/ml and p < 0.005 for 50 μg/ml
	4h	1.00 ± 0.09	1.00 ± 0.09a	2.58 ± 0.16b*	21.41 ± 0.96#	145.08 ± 12.69&
IFNγ	2h	1.02 ± 0.09	0.98 ± 0.08a	2.70 ± 0.012b	4.07 ± 0.19c	7.69 ± 0.25d	p < 0.05 for ulvan 25μg/ml and p < 0.005 for 50 μg/ml
	4h	1.02 ± 0.08	0.97 ± 0.10a	2.97 ± 0.21b*	17.61 ± 1.53#	147.51 ± 12.69&
IL8	2h	1.00 ± 0.10	0.98 ± 0.09	1.37 ± 0.12a	2.74 ± 0.16b	4.05 ± 0.33c	none
	4h	1.03 ± 0.09	0.09 ± 0.10	1.02 ± 0.11a	1.92 ± 0.15b	3.51 ± 0.28c
IL13	2h	1.02 ± 0.08	0.97 ± 0.09	1.07 ± 0.09	1.30 ± 0.11a	2.72 ± 0.18b	p < 0.05 for ulvan 10μg/ml and 25μg/ml and p < 0.01 for 50 μg/ml
	4h	1.00 ± 0.09	1.17 ± 0.16a	2.48 ± 0.17b	5.46 ± 0.51c*	19.01 ± 1.41#
TLR2	2h	0.99 ± 0.09	0.96 ± 0.10a	1.56 ± 0.13b	1.81 ± 0.17c	3.55 ± 0.25d	p < 0.05 for ulvan 25μg/ml and p < 0.01 for 50 μg/ml
	4h	1.00 ± 0.09	0.98 ± 0.09a	1.37 ± 0.10b	6.60 ± 0.52c	26.72 ± 1.94d
TLR4	2h	0.97 ± 0.08	1.00 ± 0.09	1.44 ± 0.12a	2.26 ± 0.21b	4.59 ± 0.33c	p < 0.05 for ulvan 10μg/ml and 25μg/ml and p < 0.01 for 50 μg/ml
	4h	0.99 ± 0.09	1.10 ± 0.17a	1.93 ± 1.14b	6.60 ± 0.52c*	26.72 ± 1.96#
iNOS	2h	1.00 ± 0.10	0.09 ± 0.09	1.34 ± 0.10a	3.52 ± 0.35b*	19.89 ± 2.05#	p < 0.05 for ulvan 10μg/ml, p < 0.01 for 25μg/ml and p < 0.005 for 50 μg/ml
	4h	0.97 ± 0.10	0.98 ± 0.09a	4.47 ± 0.27b	30.64 ± 2.16c#	259.62 ± 11.59&

Variations are expressed as mRNA fold changes using β-actin as an internal standard. Transcription is time- and dose-dependent. Data represents the mean ± SEM of five independent experiments in triplicate. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (a, b, c, and d) with p < 0.05 for the same incubation time, different symbols mean statistically significant differences with p < 0.01 for the same incubation time.