Figure 1. DOHaD studies have shown that exposures in one generation can have multigenerational and intergenerational effects.

Changes in the grandmother (F0) or grandfather (F0) can influence the health of the granddaughter (F2) or son (F1), respectively. Transgenerational effects have also been identified that affect the great granddaughter (F3) and the grandson (F2). Adapted from Dickinson et al. (2016) with permission.