Table 2.

Summary statistics.

Variables	Full Sample	Western China Rural Communities	Resettlement Communities	Central China Rural Communities	Migrant Communities	Difference: (2)−(3)	Difference: (2)–(4)	Difference: (2)–(5)
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	p-value	p-value	p-value
	(SD)	(SD)	(SD)	(SD)	(SD)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Child characteristics
Age	16.04	14.57	16.50	17.42	15.90	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
(in months)	(6.53)	(5.09)	(6.85)	(7.32)	(6.64)
Male	0.53	0.51	0.55	0.57	0.47	0.37	0.17	0.35
(1 = yes)	(0.50)	(0.50)	(0.50)	(0.50)	(0.50)
Premature	0.06	0.05	0.03	0.06	0.10	0.40	0.38	<0.01
(1 = yes)	(0.24)	(0.21)	(0.17)	(0.25)	(0.29)
Household characteristics
Primary caregiver	0.68	0.74	0.58	0.60	0.73	<0.01	<0.01	0.93
(1 = mother)	(0.47)	(0.44)	(0.50)	(0.49)	(0.44)
Maternal age	0.69	0.65	0.71	0.69	0.74	0.23	0.36	<0.01
(1 = above 25 years)	(0.46)	(0.48)	(0.46)	(0.46)	(0.44)
Maternal education level	0.34	0.22	0.36	0.32	0.61	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
(1 = 9 years or higher)	(0.47)	(0.41)	(0.48)	(0.47)	(0.49)
Father education level	0.34	0.25	0.37	0.32	0.54	<0.01	0.09	<0.01
(1 = 9 years or higher)	(0.47)	(0.44)	(0.49)	(0.47)	(0.50)
Mother stays at home	0.80	0.80	0.74	0.76	0.92	0.09	0.28	<0.01
(1 = yes)	(0.40)	(0.40)	(0.44)	(0.43)	(0.27)
Father stays at home	0.49	0.48	0.30	0.40	0.70	<0.01	0.10	<0.01
(1 = yes)	(0.50)	(0.50)	(0.46)	(0.49)	(0.46)
Family asset index	0.32	−0.15	0.27	0.37	1.14	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
	(1.19)	(1.20)	(1.22)	(1.08)	(0.88)
Household receives socialsecurity support (1 = yes)	0.11	0.11	0.10	0.12	0.09	0.79	0.66	0.43
	(0.31)	(0.31)	(0.30)	(0.33)	(0.29)
Observations	2514	2061	129	124	200

Notes: We used sampling weights to calculate the summary statistics for each observation. We used the following formula to calculate the sampling weights: sampling weight = proportion of subpopulation in total population/proportion of subpopulation in sample. The subpopulation proportions in rural China’s total population are 37.7% for western China rural communities, 1.4% for resettlement migration communities, 42.0% for central China rural communities, and 18.8% for migrant communities. Next, in our sample, the subpopulation proportions are 82% for western rural communities, 5% for resettlement migration communities, 5% for central rural communities, and 8% for migrant communities. Therefore, the final sampling weights for each subpopulation are 0.46 for western China rural communities (equal to 37.7%/82%), 0.28 for resettlement migration villages (equal to 1.4%/5%), 8.4 for central China rural communities (equal to 42%/5%), and 2.35 for migrant communities (equal to 18.8%/8%). For the child and household characteristics, the first column shows the mean and standard deviation of each characteristic for the full sample; column 2 shows statistics for children and households in western China rural communities; column 3 shows statistics for children and households in resettlement communities; column 4 shows statistics for children and households in central China rural communities; column 5 shows statistics for children and households in migration communities. Column 6 shows the p-value of the difference between column 2 and column 3; column 7 shows the p-value of the difference between column 2 and column 4; column 8 shows the p-value of the difference between column 2 and column 5. We asked caregivers whether or not their households had the following items in order to construct polychoric principal components and develop the family asset index: tap water, toilet, water heater, washing machine, computer, internet, refrigerator, air conditioner, motor or electronic bicycle, and car.