Table 3.
Child development outcomes and caregiver’s mental health across different subpopulations.
| Variables | Full Sample | Western China Rural Communities | Resettlement Communities | Central China Rural Communities | Migrant Communities | Difference: (2)–(3) | Difference: (2)–(4) | Difference: (2)–(5) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | p-Value | p-Value | p-Value | |
| (SD) | (SD) | (SD) | (SD) | (SD) | ||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| Child development outcomes | ||||||||
| Cognitive delay | 0.48 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.55 | 0.17 | <0.01 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.49) | |||
| Language delay | 0.52 | 0.61 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 0.02 | <0.01 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.50) | (0.49) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.49) | |||
| Social-emotional delay | 0.53 | 0.58 | 0.65 | 0.53 | 0.39 | 0.12 | 0.27 | <0.01 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.50) | (0.49) | (0.48) | (0.50) | (0.49) | |||
| Motor delay | 0.30 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.18 | 0.57 | 0.18 | <0.01 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.46) | (0.48) | (0.47) | (0.46) | (0.39) | |||
| Caregiver’s mental health | ||||||||
| Depression | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.48 | 0.17 | 0.90 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.43) | (0.42) | (0.44) | (0.45) | (0.42) | |||
| Anxiety | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.05 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.45) | (0.45) | (0.47) | (0.47) | (0.41) | |||
| Stress | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.06 | 0.86 | 0.07 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.37) | (0.35) | (0.41) | (0.36) | (0.40) | |||
| Depression/Anxiety/Stress | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.81 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.49) | (0.48) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.49) | |||
| Observations | 2514 | 2061 | 129 | 124 | 200 | |||
Notes: We used sampling weights to calculate the summary statistics for each observation. We used the following formula to calculate the sampling weights: sampling weight = proportion of subpopulation in total population/proportion of subpopulation in sample. The subpopulation proportions in rural China’s total population are 37.7% for western China rural communities, 1.4% for resettlement migration communities, 42.0% for central China rural communities, and 18.8% for migrant communities. Next, in our sample, the subpopulation proportions are 82% for western rural communities, 5% for resettlement migration communities, 5% for central rural communities, and 8% for migrant communities. Therefore, the final sampling weights for each subpopulation are 0.46 for western China rural communities (equal to 37.7%/82%), 0.28 for resettlement migration villages (equal to 1.4%/5%), 8.4 for central China rural communities (equal to 42%/5%), and 2.35 for migrant communities (equal to 18.8%/8%). For the descriptive statistics of child development outcomes and the caregiver’s mental health, column 6 shows the p-value of the difference between column 2 and column 3; column 7 shows the p-value of the difference between column 2 and column 4; column 8 shows the p-value of the difference between column 2 and column 5.