Table 4.
Parenting practices across different subpopulations.
| Variables | Full Sample | Western China Rural Communities | Resettlement Communities | Central China Rural Communities | Migrant Communities | Difference: (2)–(3) | Difference: (2)–(4) | Difference: (2)–(5) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | p-Value | p-Value | p-Value | |
| (SD) | (SD) | (SD) | (SD) | (SD) | ||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| Positive Parenting Practices | ||||||||
| Told story yesterday | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.05 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.37) | (0.29) | (0.36) | (0.39) | (0.45) | |||
| Read book yesterday | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.02 | <0.01 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.27) | (0.18) | (0.23) | (0.26) | (0.40) | |||
| Sang song yesterday | 0.35 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.35 | 0.52 | 0.77 | 0.05 | <0.01 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.48) | (0.45) | (0.45) | (0.48) | (0.50) | |||
| Played game yesterday | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.37 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.49) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.48) | (0.46) | |||
| Over two child books in household | 0.38 | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.08 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.49) | (0.44) | (0.47) | (0.49) | (0.50) | |||
| Times expressed affection to baby | 13.02 | 8.35 | 15.50 | 15.02 | 17.82 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| (times) | (15.25) | (7.65) | (21.58) | (17.32) | (18.63) | |||
| Negative Parenting Practices | ||||||||
| Sometimes raise voice or yell at baby | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.49 | 0.70 | 0.23 | 0.70 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | |||
| Sometimes spank the baby | 0.42 | 0.36 | 0.43 | 0.51 | 0.33 | 0.10 | <0.01 | 0.29 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.49) | (0.48) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.47) | |||
| Sometimes take away toys from baby(1 = yes) | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.32 | 0.53 | 0.01 | 0.40 |
| (0.47) | (0.45) | (0.47) | (0.49) | (0.47) | ||||
| Sometimes do not explain why baby’s behavior is not appropriate to him/her (1 = yes) | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.28 | 0.54 | 0.71 | 0.15 |
| (0.47) | (0.47) | (0.48) | (0.48) | (0.45) | ||||
| Observations | 2514 | 2061 | 129 | 124 | 200 | |||
Notes: We used sampling weights to calculate the summary statistics for each observation. We used the following formula to calculate the sampling weights: sampling weight = proportion of subpopulation in total population/proportion of subpopulation in sample. The subpopulation proportions in rural China’s total population are 37.7% for western China rural communities, 1.4% for resettlement migration communities, 42.0% for central China rural communities, and 18.8% for migrant communities. Next, in our sample, the subpopulation proportions are 82% for western rural communities, 5% for resettlement migration communities, 5% for central rural communities, and 8% for migrant communities. Therefore, the final sampling weights for each subpopulation are 0.46 for western China rural communities (equal to 37.7%/82%), 0.28 for resettlement migration villages (equal to 1.4%/5%), 8.4 for central China rural communities (equal to 42%/5%), and 2.35 for migrant communities (equal to 18.8%/8%). For the parenting practices, the first column shows the mean and standard deviation for the full sample; column 2 shows statistics for parenting practices in western China rural communities; column 3 shows statistics for parenting practices in resettlement communities; column 4 shows statistics for parenting practices in central China rural communities; column 5 shows statistics for parenting practices in migration communities. Column 6 shows the p-value of the difference between column 2 and column 3; column 7 shows the p-value of the difference between column 2 and column 4; column 8 shows the p-value of the difference between column 2 and column 5.