Table 7.
Correlations between caregiver’s mental health and positive parenting practices using ordinary least squares, n = 2514.
| Variables | Told Story Yesterday (1 = Yes) |
Read Book Yesterday (1 = Yes) |
Sang Song Yesterday (1 = Yes) | Played Game Yesterday (1 = Yes) |
Over Two Child Books in Household (1 = Yes) |
Times Expressed Affection to Baby (Times) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | ||
| (1) | Moderate Depression | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.05 | −0.07 * | −0.08 *** | −1.48 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.05) | (0.04) | (0.03) | (1.12) | |
| Controls | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | |
| Tester Fixed Effects | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.27 | |
| (2) | Moderate Anxiety | −0.00 | −0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.93 |
| (1 = yes) | (0.03) | (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.04) | (0.06) | (1.51) | |
| Controls | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | |
| Tester Fixed Effects | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.27 | |
| (3) | Moderate Stress | −0.14 *** | −0.05 ** | −0.21 *** | −0.12 | −0.03 | −2.10 * |
| (1 = yes) | (0.03) | (0.02) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.09) | (1.13) | |
| Controls | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | |
| Tester Fixed Effects | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.27 | |
Notes: We used sampling weights to calculate the summary statistics for each observation. We used the following formula to calculate the sampling weights: sampling weight = proportion of subpopulation in total population/proportion of subpopulation in sample. The subpopulation proportions in rural China’s total population are 37.7% for western China rural communities, 1.4% for resettlement migration communities, 42.0% for central China rural communities, and 18.8% for migrant communities. Next, in our sample, the subpopulation proportions are 82% for western rural communities, 5% for resettlement migration communities, 5% for central rural communities, and 8% for migrant communities. Therefore, the final sampling weights for each subpopulation are 0.46 for western China rural communities (equal to 37.7%/82%), 0.28 for resettlement migration villages (equal to 1.4%/5%), 8.4 for central China rural communities (equal to 42%/5%), and 2.35 for migrant communities (equal to 18.8%/8%). Controls include child’s age, gender, premature birth, whether the mother is the primary caregiver, maternal age and education, father’s education, whether the mother stays at home, whether the father stays at home, family asset index, and whether the household receives a welfare benefit. We also controlled for Bayley tester fixed effects and county fixed effects. All standard errors account for clustering at the village level. * p < 0.1; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01.