Table 1.
Physical and physiological characteristics and dietary intake at baseline and 12 weeks for standardized, individualized, and control groups.
| Parameter | Control (n = 8; Women = 6, Men = 2) |
Standardized (n = 19; Women = 15, Men = 4) |
Individualized (n = 19; Women = 14, Men = 5) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 12 | Baseline | Week 12 | Baseline | Week 12 | |
| Age (yr) | 45.6 ± 7.9 | - | 51.2 ± 12.5 | - | 44.9 ± 11.4 | - |
| Height (cm) | 171.7 ± 6.4 | - | 169.2 ± 8.8 | - | 172.1 ± 7.1 | - |
| Weight (kg) | 75.3 ± 15.1 | 75.1 ± 14.6 | 84.5 ± 21.1 | 84.4 ± 20.7 | 80.6 ± 16.2 | 79.9 ± 15.2 |
| BMI | 25.5 ± 4.5 | 25.5 ± 4.6 | 29.3 ± 5.7 | 29.3 ± 5.4 | 27.1 ± 4.2 | 26.8 ± 3.8 |
| WC (cm) | 86.8 ± 10.8 | 86.2 ± 10.6 | 94.1 ± 15.8 | 90.9 ± 15.1 * | 88.0 ± 12.1 | 84.5 ± 11.0 *,† |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 119.8 ± 7.8 | 121.5 ± 11.0 | 126.7 ± 9.9 | 120.6 ± 6.5 * | 119.7 ± 7.2 ‡ | 115.6 ± 8.9 * |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 82.0 ± 7.0 | 81.0 ± 10.8 | 80.3 ± 11.1 | 74.7 ± 7.9 * | 76.1 ± 8.4 | 77.4 ± 6.8 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 94.6 ± 6.2 | 94.5 ± 9.8 | 95.8 ± 9.9 | 90.0 ± 6.6 * | 90.6 ± 7.7 | 90.1 ± 6.8 |
| TG (mmol·L−1) | 1.9 ± 1.4 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.6 |
| Fasting BG (mmol·L−1) | 5.1 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 5.1 ± 0.7 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 5.0 ± 0.5 |
| HDL (mmol·L−1) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.5 |
| MetS z-Score | −1.4 ± 3.8 | −1.3 ± 4.0 | −2.0 ± 3.1 | −2.8 ± 2.8 * | -3.3 ± 2.3 | −3.9 ± 2.2 * |
| Caloric intake (kcal) | 1327 ± 418 | 1265 ± 317 | 1520 ± 563 | 1518 ± 500 | 1539 ± 493 | 1555 ± 403 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 136.5 ± 55.0 | 121.1 ± 41.8 | 160.4 ± 60.5 | 158.8 ± 63.9 | 168.2 ± 68.6 | 164.5 ± 57.2 |
| Lipid (g) | 56.0 ± 18.1 | 54.0 ± 11.9 | 61.1 ± 31.2 | 62.8 ± 26.4 | 68.6 ± 23.4 | 67.5 ± 13.6 |
| Protein (g) | 71.7 ± 43.6 | 55.0 ± 7.6 | 64.1 ± 16.4 | 63.8 ± 22.0 | 73.6 ± 36.6 | 64.8 ± 25.2 |
| Carbohydrate (%) | 40.6 ± 5.8 | 37.9 ± 5.6 | 41.7 ± 6.9 | 40.9 ± 7.8 | 43.1 ± 8.2 | 41.9 ± 6.7 |
| Lipid (%) | 38.7 ±7.5 | 39.2 ± 7.0 | 35.9 ± 9.2 | 37.1 ± 8.4 | 40.7 ± 7.9 | 40.6 ± 8.1 |
| Protein (%) | 22.1 ± 13.4 | 17.9 ± 3.1 | 18.2 ± 6.3 | 17.8 ± 5.1 | 19.6 ± 10.6 | 16.5 ± 3.8 |
| PA (MET·min−1·wk−1) | 1354 ± 1018 | 1176 ± 1109 | 838 ± 979 | 3680 ± 1671 *,† | 937 ± 587 | 3855 ± 2261 *,† |
| Time Sitting (hours·d−1) | 6.5 ± 1.2 | 6.9 ± 2.5 | 5.6 ± 2.7 | 4.5 ± 2.3 *,† | 6.3 ± 2.4 | 5.4 ± 2.4 * |
| Resting HR (b·min−1) | 74.1 ± 7.8 | 69.5 ± 7.5 | 70.4 ± 8.9 | 68.8 ± 7.7 | 68.8 ± 9.7 | 68.1 ± 11.4 |
| Maximal HR (b·min−1) | 173.9 ± 12.4 | 170.1 ± 11.1 * | 166.4 ± 15.7 | 167.6 ± 15.5 | 170.1 ± 18.4 | 169.2 ± 14.4 |
| VO2max (ml·kg−1·min−1) | 28.4 ± 4.5 | 27.7 ± 4.6 | 24.4 ± 4.7 | 26.2 ± 4.2 *,† | 29.5 ± 7.5 ‡ | 32.8 ± 8.6 *,† |
| VO2max (L·min−1) | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.6 *,† | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.9 *,† |
| % Diff in VO2max (GXT and Verification) |
0.6 ± 1.5 | 0.0 ± 2.1 | −0.2 ± 1.8 | -0.4 ± 1.8 | 0.2 ± 1.7 | -0.7 ± 1.7 |
| % Δ in VO2max | - | −2.3 ± 8.5 | - | 7.7 ± 8.3 † | - | 11.4 ± 3.7 † |
Values are mean ± SD. BG, blood glucose; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; GXT, graded exercise test; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MET, metabolic equivalents; PA, physical activity; TG, triglycerides; WC, waist circumference; Δ, change. * p ≤ 0.05 pre- to post-change within-group difference; † Significantly difference from control group; ‡ Significantly different from standardized group.