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. 2018 Nov 2;10(11):452. doi: 10.3390/toxins10110452

Table 1.

Reported work on innovative venom-independent immunization strategies for snake antivenom development.

Authors & Year Immunization Strategy Species Target Toxin(s) Antivenom Challenge Toxin(s) Effect(s) Neutralized Ref.
Čurin-Šerbec et al., 1991 Synthetic epitope Vipera ammodytes Ammodytoxin A Rabbit antiserum Ammodytoxin A Lethality [70]
Čurin-Šerbec et al., 1994 Synthetic epitope Crotalus durissus terrificus,
Vipera ammodytes
Crotoxin and ammodytoxin A Murine IgG, IgM Crotoxin Prolonged survival time [68]
Dolimbek and Atassi, 1996 Synthetic epitope Bungarus multicinctus α-bungarotoxin Murine antiserum α-bungarotoxin Lethality [71]
Calderón et al., 1999 Synthetic epitope Bothrops asper Myotoxin II Murine antiserum Myotoxin II Myotoxicity [67]
Harrison et al., 2000 DNA Bothrops jararaca Jararhagin Murine antiserum B. jararaca venom Myotoxicity [79]
Harrison et al., 2002 DNA Bothrops jararaca Jararhagin Murine antiserum N/A Not Evaluated [80]
Pergolizzi et al., 2004 DNA Naja kaouthia α-cobratoxin Murine antiserum α-cobratoxin Lethality [85]
Wagstaff et al., 2006 DNA Echis ocellatus SVMPs Murine IgG E. ocellatus and Cerastes cerastes venom Hemotoxicity [83]
Ferreira et al., 2006 Synthetic epitope Lachesis muta muta Mutalysin II Rabbit IgG Mutalysin II Hemotoxicity [69]
Azofeifa-Cordero et al., 2008 DNA Crotalus durissus durissus P-III SVMP Murine antiserum C. d. durissus venom Hemotoxicity [84]
Leão et al., 2009 DNA Micrurus corallinus 3FTx and PLA2s Murine antiserum N/A Not evaluated [95]
Cardoso et al., 2009 Recombinant mimotope Bothrops neuwiedi Neuwiedase Murine antiserum N/A Not evaluated [78]
Arce-Estrada et al., 2009 DNA Bothrops asper P-II SVMP Equine antiserum B. asper and C. d. durissus venom Hemotoxicity [82]
Suntrarachun et al., 2010 Recombinant toxin Bungarus candidus α and β-neurotoxins Murine antiserum B. candidus venom Lethality [73]
Machado de Avila et al., 2011 Synthetic mimotope Lachesis muta Mutalysin II Rabbit antiserum L. muta venom Hemotoxicity [77]
Ramos et al., 2016 DNA + Recombinant protein Micrurus corallinus 3FTxs and PLA2 Murine antiserum M. corallinus venom Lethality [66]
Cao et al., 2016 Recombinant protein Deinagkistrodon acutus SVSPs, SVMPs and PLA2s Murine antiserum D. acutus venom Hemotoxicity [72]
Clement et al., 2016 Recombinant toxin Micrurus laticorallis Cysteine-rich neurotoxins (Mlat1) Rabbit antiserum M. laticorallis venom Not neutralizing [96]
Hasson, 2017 DNA Echis ocellatus Disintegrin Murine antiserum Crotalus atrox, E. ocellatus and Bitis arietans venom Hemotoxicity [81]
de la Rosa et al., 2018 Recombinant toxin Acanthophis spp., Oxyuranus spp., Walterinnesia spp., Naja spp., Dendroaspis spp. and Micrurus spp. Type I α-neurotoxins Rabbit antiserum N/A Not evaluated [75]
Guerrero-Garzón et al., 2018 Recombinant toxin Micrurus diastema Type I α-neurotoxin D.H. Rabbit antiserum rD.H, MlatA1, and fraction F5 from M. diastema venom Lethality [74]