Table 2.
Toxic responses * identified using the SMID and CMI spermatozoa assays and the ICP assay.
| Toxins | Response | EC50 (µg·mL−1) | Toxic Mechanism | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motility Inhibition (Boar Spermatozoa) | ICP | ||||||
| CMI | SMID | FL | MNA | PK-15 | |||
| 20 min | 2 h | 1–3 d | 1–2 d | 1–3 d | |||
| Fungal toxins | |||||||
| Chaetoglobosin A (Chaetomium globosum) |
I | 1 ± 0.1 | 12 ± 2 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | Inhibition of glucose transport 1 |
| Alamethicin (Trichoderma arundinaceum) | III | 5 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 11.5 ± 2 | 12 ± 4 | 10 ± 2 | Potassium ion channel former 2 |
| Sterigmatocystin (Aspergillus spp.) | IV | >20 | >1000 ± 125 | 20 ± 5 | 7 ± 1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | Inhibitor of protein synthesis 2 |
| Citrinin (Penicillium citrinum) | IV | >100 | 50 ± 20 | 104 ± 26 | 12 ± 5 | ||
| Bacterial toxins | |||||||
| Calcimycin (Streptomyces spp.) | I | 0.7 ± 0.3 | >10 ± 1 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.4 ± 0.05 | Calcium carrier ionophore and mitochondrial toxin 3 |
| Valinomycin (Streptomyces spp.) | I | 0.0001 ± 0.00002 | 70 ± 13 | 55 ± 16 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 14 ± 4 | Potassium carrier ionophore and mitochondrial toxin 3 |
| Actinomycin D (Streptomyces spp.) | IV | >100 | >100 | <0.2 | <0.2 | <0.2 | Inhibitor of RNA synthesis 4 |
| Toxic chemicals | |||||||
| FCCP | II | 1 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 10 ± 2 | Carrier protonophore 5 | ||
| Triclosan | II | 1 ± 0.1 | 2 ± 0.6 | 10 ± 2 | 4 ± 0.6 | 7 ± 2 | Carrier protonophore 5 |
| Potassium dichromate | IV | >200 | >200 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | |||
| Control | |||||||
| Ochratoxin A (fungal toxin from Aspergillus spp.) | >100 | >100 | >50 | >50 | >50 | ||