Table 1.
Maternal baseline characteristics in the Vitamin D and Lifestyle Intervention for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) Prevention (DALI) participants, above and below median gestational weight gain from pre-pregnancy to baseline, to 24–28 weeks, and to 35–37 weeks gestation. The latter excludes women with GDM at 24–28 weeks.
| Gestational Weight Gain Group | <1.80 kg at Baseline | ≥1.80 kg at Baseline | <5.65 kg to 24–28 Weeks | ≥5.65 kg to 24–28 Weeks | <9.5 kg to 35–37 Weeks † | ≥9.5 kg to 35–37 Weeks † |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 215 | n = 216 | n = 203 | n = 201 | n = 158 | n = 159 | |
| Age (years) | 31.5 ± 5.3 | 32.4 ± 5.4 | 32.0 ± 5.2 | 32.1 ± 5.4 | 32.7 ± 5.1 | 31.7±5.4 |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 94.1 ± 14.0 | 91.4 ± 12.0 * | 94.9 ± 14.0 | 90.5 ± 11.9 *** | 94.7 ± 13.9 | 90.8 ± 11.4 ** |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 34.2 ± 4.2 | 33.3 ± 3.6 ** | 34.6 ± 4.2 | 33.0 ± 3.5 *** | 34.4 ± 4.1 | 33.0 ± 3.5 ** |
| European descent | 184/215 (86%) | 189/216 (88%) | 177/203 (87%) | 176/201 (88%) | 137/158 (87%) | 142/159 (89%) |
| Nullipara | 109/215 (51%) | 106/216 (49%) | 100/203 (49%) | 102/201 (51%) | 69/158 (44%) | 84/159 (53%) * |
| Smokers | 26/215 (12%) | 41/216 (19%) | 19/203 (9%) | 42/201 (21%) ** | 14/158 (9%) | 29/159 (18%) * |
| First degree relative with diabetes | 52/215 (24%) | 48/216 (22%) | 48/2103 (24%) | 41/201 (20%) | 33/158 (21%) | 38/159 (24%) |
| Previous GDM | 7/136 (5%) | 10/137 (7%) | 8/133 (6%) | 5/120 (4%) | 4/112 (4%) | 6/91(7%) |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 4.7 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.4 ** |
| 1-h glucose (mmol/L) | 6.9 ± 1.4 | 6.7 ± 1.3 | 6.9 ± 1.4 | 6.7 ± 1.4 | 6.9 ± 1.3 | 6.5 ± 1.3 ** |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 5.9 ± 1.2 | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 1.1 | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 5.9 ± 1.0 | 5.7 ± 1.1 * |
| HOMA-IR (IQR) | 2.5 (2.0, 3.4) | 2.8 (2.0, 3.7) | 2.7 (2.0, 3.6) | 2.6 (2.0, 2.4) | 2.7 (2.1, 3.4) | 2.5 (1.9, 3.4) |
| HOMA insulin secretion (IQR) | 217 (170, 312) | 256 (180, 363) | 220 (166, 324) | 245 (181, 346) | 215 (158, 295) | 251 (180, 358) |
| Stumvoll phase 1 (IQR) | 1590 (1221, 2067) | 1521 (1255, 2045) | 1560 (1219, 2083) | 1502 (1258, 2016) | 1595 (1224, 2099) | 1507 (1261, 2042) |
| Stumvoll phase 2 (IQR) | 409 (318, 532) | 388 (327, 520) | 408 (319, 533) | 386 (326, 519) | 410 (319, 534) | 388 (327, 519) |
For continuous outcomes, the differences between the groups were tested using multilevel regression models (country and individual as levels), and were adjusted for gestational age at the outcome measurement. For the dichotomous outcomes, logistic regression models were performed, and were adjusted for country and gestational age at the outcome measurement. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. † Excluding women with GDM at 24–28 weeks, based on local glucose values. BMI—body mass index; HOMA-IR—homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance. Numbers in bold highlight statistically significant comparisons.