Table 3.
Maternal and neonatal characteristics of women at the five DALI sites with maternal gestational weight gain >3 kg difference at 35–37 weeks between healthy eating (HE), and physical activity intervention (HE and PA) and usual care (UC).
| Baseline | UC | HE + PA |
|---|---|---|
| n = 50 | n = 53 | |
| Age (years) | 32.1 ± 6.0 | 31.9 ± 5.0 |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 94.7 ± 11.4 | 94.7 ± 13.6 |
| Pre- pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 33.6 ± 3.3 | 34.8 ± 4.1 |
| Fasting (F) BG (mmol/L) | 4.69 ± 0.33 | 4.64 ± 0.36 |
| 1-h BG (mmol/L) | 6.80 ± 1.36 | 6.84 ± 1.23 |
| 2-h BG (mmol/L) | 5.69 ± 1.25 | 5.72 ± 0.99 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.62 (1.94, 4.30) | 2.49 (2.19, 2.82) |
| HOMA insulin secretion | 229 (142, 365) | 215 (168, 313) |
| Stumvoll phase 1 | 1498 (1211, 2144) | 1489 (1236, 1948) |
| Stumvoll phase 2 | 379 (313, 554) | 382 (322, 501) |
| European descent | 45/50 90.0% | 47/53 88.7% |
| Nullipara | 27/50 46.2% | 27/53 49.1% |
| Smokers | 6/50 12.0% | 5/53 9.4% |
| First degree relative with diabetes | 13/50 26.0% | 6/53 11.3% |
| 24–28 weeks | n = 50 | n = 53 |
| Weight gain from pre-pregnancy | 6.7 ± 5.9 (n = 49) | 4.1 ± 5.0 (n = 46) * |
| Fasting Blood Glucose (BG) | 4.59 ± 0.40 | 4.57 ± 0.43 |
| 1-h BG | 7.86 ± 1.64 | 7.93 ± 1.60 |
| 2-h BG | 6.23 ± 1.31 | 6.09 ± 1.20 |
| HOMA-Insulin Resistance | 2.86 (2.18, 3.82) | 2.54 (2.16, 3.02) |
| HOMA-Insulin secretion | 284 (203, 394) | 249 (198, 352) |
| Stumvoll phase 1 | 1762 (1386, 2371) | 1943 (1311, 2327) |
| Stumvoll phase 2 | 455 (359, 606) | 501 (346, 594) |
| GDM at 24–28 weeks | 9/49 (18.4%) | 9/45 (20.0%) |
| 35–37 weeks | N = 46 | N = 42 |
| Weight gain from pre-pregnancy † | 11.3 ± 6.7 (n = 40) | 7.0 ± 6.0 (n = 36) * |
| FBG & | 4.53 ± 0.46 | 4.49 ± 0.51 |
| 1-h BG & | 8.57 ± 1.31 | 8.32 ± 1.44 |
| 2-h BG & | 6.70 ± 1.23 | 6.59 ± 1.01 |
| HOMA-Insulin Resistance & | 2.89 (2.07, 4.44) | 2.56 (2.28, 3.84) |
| HOMA insulin secretion & | 309 (233, 504) | 337 (242, 411) |
| Stumvoll phase 1 & | 2644 (1793, 3179) | 2577 (2001, 3189) |
| Stumvoll phase 2 & | 674 (457, 802) | 654 (512, 811) |
| GDM at 35–37 weeks | 9/39(23.1%) | 5/36 (13.9%) |
| Birth outcomes | N = 45 | N = 47 |
| Gestational age at birth | 39.8 ± 1.5 | 39.8 ±1.2 |
| LGA | 7/42 16.7% | 2/44 4.5% * |
| SGA | 1/42 2.4% | 4/44 9.1% |
| Birthweight | 3588 ± 524 | 3455 ± 463 |
| Preterm birth | 2/44 4.5% | 0/45 0% |
| Caesarean section | 14/43 30.2% | 14/47 29.8% |
| Pre-eclampsia | 4/42 9.5% | 2/43 4.7% |
| Birthweight ≥4 kg | 9/45 20.0% | 7/45 15.6% |
| Birthweight <2.5 kg | 1/45 2.2% | 1/45 2.2% |
| NICU admission | 7/41 17.1% | 6/44 13.6% |
| GDM total | 15/46 32.6% | 13/44 29.5% |
Numbers in bold highlight statistically significant comparisons. The HE and PA comparison alone is reported, as the intervention group used for selecting the sites, and the intervention with a significant effect on GWG limitation. There was only one woman with previous GDM in the HE and PA group. All: mean ± SD or n (%). The differences between the groups at baseline were tested using T-test or Mann–Whitney U-test, as appropriate. For the continuous outcomes, the differences between groups at 24–28 and 35–37 weeks were tested in mixed models, adjusted for baseline values, and for the outcome weight gain adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI. For the dichotomous outcomes, a logistic regression was performed, and was adjusted for country. * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 vs. UC. &—values of 24–28 weeks (T3) carried forward to 35–37 weeks (T4) when GDM was present at T3. &–excluding women with GDM at T3.