Table 1.

Characteristics of the eligible studies reviewed.

Author	Country/Study	Design	Years Follow-Up	Age and N Subjects	Diet Instrument	DED Calculation Method	Measurement Indicator OW/O	New-Castle Ottawa Scale 1
Alexy et al. (2004) [31]	Germany/DONALD	Cohort	2	228 boys and girls 2 to 18 years	Dietary record	Foods and beverages	Mean of SDS of BMI 2	8
Ambrosini et al. (2012) [34]	England/ALSPAC Avon Study	Cohort	8	6672 boys and girls 7 to 15 years	Dietary record, 3-day unweighed food diary	Foods and beverages	FMI3, Risk of obesity	8
Butte et al. (2007) [37]	United States/, Viva la Familia Study	Cohort	1	879 boys and girls 4 to 19 years	24-h dietary recall	Includes food and energy containing beverages and excludes non–energy containing beverages and water	Weight gain 4 (kg/years)	7
Gunther et al. (2011) [33]	Germany/DONALD	Cohort	3	219 boys and girls Mean 6.9 years at baseline 9.4 y ATO	Dietary record	ED_all: included all foods and drinks ED_energy: included all foods and energy containing drinks (5 kcal/100 g). ED_milk: included all foods and milk as a drink, but no other beverages. ED_food: included foods only (solid/liquid).	BMI z-score, FMI 5	7
Johnson et al. (2009) [36]	England/Avon Study	Cohort	3	2275 boys and girls 10 to 13 years	3-day unweighed diet diaries	Solid food only	Fat mass, FMI 3	8
Kring and Heitman (2008) [35]	Denmark	Cohort	3	398 boys and girls 8 to 10 years 9.6 years at baseline	24-h dietary recall	Foods and beverages	BMI Z-Score	8
McCaffrey et al. (2008) [32]	Ireland	Cohort	8	48 Boys/girls; 6–8 years at baseline and followed up at 13 to 18 years	7-d weighed food records	ED all: All foods and all energy containing beverages and energy-free beverages and water. ED Foods: All foods, milk as food. ED soup: All foods, milk as food, and soups. ED Solid: All solid foods ED Energy: All foods, milk as food, soups, and energy-containing beverages	Body weight, BMI z-score, WC, FFM 6, FMI 6, %BF 6	7
Murakami et al. (2012) [38]	Japan/RYUCHS	Cross-sectional	NA	15,974 children and 8202 adolescents. Children 6 to 11 years. Adolescents 12 to 15 years	Diet history questionnaire BDHQCA	Solid food only	BMI 7	8
O’Sullivan et al. (2015) [40]	Australian	Cross-sectional	NA	1613 boys and girls 14 years	FFQ	Food only, food and all beverages, food and all beverages excluding water, and food and energy containing beverages	BMI 8 and WR	8
Schröder et al. (2013) [41]	Spain	Cross-sectional	NA	2513 adolescents 10 to 24 years	24-h dietary recall	Solid food only	WC	8
Van Sluijs et al. (2016) [28]	United Kingdom/SPEEDY Study	Cohort	4	367 adolescents 10 years at baseline, 14 years at follow-up	4-d food diary	Solid food only	WC, % BF 9, FMI9, weight status	9
Zhou et al. (2015) [39]	China	Cross-sectional	NA	1207 boys and girls 8 to 14 years	24 -h dietary recall	ED1: Foods and beverages ED2: Solid food only ED3: All solid foods and milk ED4: solid foods and energy-containing beverages (>21 kJ or 5 kcal per 100 g) ED 5 Included solid foods, and milk and energy-containing beverages	BMI z-score, % BF10, FMI 10, FFMI 10 and WHR	8

¹ Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used only to score the quality of studies; ² BMI was converted into standard deviation scores of BMI; ³ FM was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and FMI: FM/height². ⁴ BMI was used and body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; ⁵ %BF was estimated using Slaughter equations for pre-puberty and puberty (ATO) and converted to FMI Z-scores; ⁶ %BF was calculated as body fat (in kg)/body weight (in kg) × 100; Fat-free mass (FFM) was calculated from total body water by dividing the water content of fat-free tissue with age- and sex-specific values, Fat mass (FM) was calculated as the difference between body weight and FFM then FMI was expressed as FMI: FM/height²; ⁷ BMI was calculated using International Obesity Task Force age—and sex-specific BMI cutoffs for children; ⁸ BMI was calculated using standard criteria for adolescents; ⁹ Previously validated procedures using eight equations were used to calculate fat mass and %BF [28]; FMI: FM/height²; ¹⁰ %BF was calculated using the Slaughter equations [39]; FMI was calculated using ((weight × %BF)/height²) formulae; FFMI was calculated as: ((weight − (weight × %BF))/height²). Abbreviations: ATO: age at take-off; ALSPAC: Avon longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; BDHQCA: Diet history questionnaire for Japanese children and adolescents; %BF: body fat percentage; BMI: Body mass index; DED: Dietary energy density; DONALD: Dortmund Nutritional Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study; ED: energy density; FFM: Fat free mass; FFMI: Fat free mass index; FMI: Fat mass index; FFQ: food-frequency questionnaire; NA: does not apply; OW/O: Overweight or obesity; RYUCHS: Ryukyus Child Health Study; SDS: Standard deviation score; SPEEDY: Sport, Physical activity and Eating behavior: Environmental Determinants in Young people; WC: Waist circumference; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; WR: Waist height ratio.