Table 4.
Characteristics of studies including country, population demographics, sample size, eligibility criteria, duration of study, and retention.
| Author, Year, Country, Cohort | Follow-up Period (in Years), Retention % | Size of Sample, Median/Mean Age at Baseline (in Years), Gender | Eligibility Criteria of Population Included in Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bertoia M et al., 2015 [33] USA Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS), Nurses’ Health Study II (NHS II) |
Results reported per 4 year interval with a total of 6 4-year time intervals in the NHS and HPFS (1986–2010, 24 years) & four 4-year time intervals in the NHS II (1991–2007, 16 years). NHS: >90% retention, NHS II: >90% retention, HPFS: 96% retention | NHS: 35,408 women (~48.7 years) HPFS: 17,996 men (~47 years) NHS II: 64,514 women (~36.4 years) |
Exclusions: history of chronic disease at baseline, gastric bypass surgery, pregnancy (one 4-year interval only), aged over 65 years old, missing data, implausible energy intake. Censored individuals who developed these conditions during follow-up: at time of diagnosis for CVD and 6 years prior for all other diseases. |
| Butler et al., (2004) [34] USA Female College Freshman |
20 weeks Retention: 66% |
N = 54, all women Mean age 17.79 years |
Exclusions: None specified |
| Esfahani et al., 2014 [35] Iran Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) |
Study used data from those measured after a 3 year time interval with baseline data collected between 2005–2008 and follow up between 2008–2011, 83% retention before exclusions | 851 adults Men: 378 (mean age 40.2 years) Women: 473 (mean age 38.6 years) |
Exclusions: Those who were pregnant, had cancer, stroke, or consumed drugs affecting body weight. Those with no follow-up data, under- or over reporters and those with extreme changes in weight (> 5 kg/years). |
| Halkjaer et al., 2009 [36] Denmark Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study |
5.3 years (median) Retention: 83% [64] |
44,897 adults Women: 22,570 (median age 56 years) Men: 20,126 (median age 55 years) |
Exclusions: those registered in the Danish Cancer Registry with a previous cancer diagnosis, those who were not aged 50–64 years, were not born in Denmark or living in the greater Copenhagen or Aarhus areas |
| He, K et al., 2004 [37] USA, NHS |
12 years >90% retention | 74063 females Mean age 50.7 years (38–63 years) |
Exclusions: women with history of cardiovascular disease, cancer or diabetes; or who provided incomplete or implausible information. |
| Kahn et al., 1997 [38] USA Cancer Prevention Study II |
10 years Retention: N/A (baseline sample size not reported so retention could not be calculated) |
79,236 Women: 44,080 Men: 35,156 Mean age not reported |
Exclusions: those more than 54 years old at baseline, very overweight (BMI ≥ 32 kg/m2) or very underweight (BMI < 18 kg/m2) or if they reported an extreme 10-year change in BMI (increase or decrease of greater than 8 kg/m2. Those reporting regular use of diuretics, have a cancer history other than nonmelanoma skin cancer, diabetes, or race/ethnicity other than White non-Hispanic |
| Koenders et al., (2011) [39] Netherlands Workers within large banking corporation |
2 years Retention: 52% |
1562 Women:599 Men:963 Mean age: 44.10 years |
Exclusions: None reported. |
| Mozaffarian et al., 2011 [40] USA NHS, NHS II, HPFS |
Data based on 20 years follow-up (1986–2006) in NHS, 12 years follow-up (1991–2003) in NHS II, and 20 years follow-up (1986–2006) in HPFS. NHS: >90% retention, NHS II: >90% retention, HPFS: 96% retention |
NHS: 50,422 (all women) mean age 52.2 years NHS II: 47,898 (all women) mean age 37.5 years HPFS: 22,557 (all men) mean age 50.8 years |
Exclusions: participants with obesity, diabetes, cancer, or cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal or liver disease at baseline; those with missing data; those with an implausible energy intake; those who were newly pregnant during follow-up; those over 65 years |
| Quick et al., 2013 [41] USA, Project EAT (eating and activity in teens and young adults) |
10 years 66.4% response rate |
2134 participants (1133 female, 1001 male) mean age 15 years at baseline, 25.4 years at follow-up | Exclusions: those with missing data, or pregnant at follow-up. |
| Rautiainen et al., 2015 [42] USA, Women’s Health Study (WHS) |
Mean follow-up of 15.9 years Annual questionnaires, Retention: 85% |
18,146 women aged 45 or over mean age ~53.8 years |
Exclusions: If diagnosed with CVD or cancer with an initial BMI less than 18.5 or greater than 25 kg/m2 |
| Sawada et al., 2015 [43] Japan, Food manufacturing employees |
1 year Retention N/A |
478 (mean age 36.9) Aged 19–60 years |
Exclusions: participants who had not received an annual health check-up or who had complete data. |
| Souza et al., (2018) [46] Brazil Local residents from Firminópolis town in Brzail |
13.2 years Retention: 69% |
1167 individuals (430 men and 737 women) |
Exclusions: At follow-up were if respondent moved to another city, not found at their homes, those refusing to participate, those with physical or mental incapacity or 10 incomplete data on weight and height. |
| Vergnaud et al., 2012 [44] Participants from 10 European countries European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study (EPIC) |
2–11 years Retention: 81% |
373,803 (103,455 men and 270,348 women) mean age 52.7 years | Exclusions: participants with chronic disease at baseline, who were pregnant, had missing information, or those in the lowest and highest 1% of the ratio of reported total energy intake: energy requirement |
| Vioque et al., 2008 [45] Spain |
10 years 51% response rate |
206 (89 men and 117 women) Mean age 41.52 years (15–80 years) |
Exclusions: those with incomplete/missing data |
CVD, cardiovascular disease; BMI, Body Mass Index; N/A, not available.